´Garden´ and ´yard´, from verb GARA

Posted 13 May 2012 - 02:37 PM

In this and following posts I will present OLB-fragments that can be used to think about the root of the word "garden".
(Discussion follows after I have presented all various fragments that I think are relevant.)

With this, I aim to challenge some of the existing etyomologies (garden, guard, gather?).

Wictionary:

Garden ~ Old Northern French gardin, diminutive (cf. Vulgar Latin hortus gardinus) or oblique form of *gard (compare Old French jart), from Old Low Franconian *gardo 'fenced in yard, garden' (compare Dutch gaarde, gaard), from Proto-Germanic *gardô (compare West Frisian gard, Low German Garden, German Garten), from Proto-Germanic *gardaz (“yeard”).

Yard ~ Old English ġeard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz (compare Dutch gaard, obsolete German Gart, Swedish gård), from Proto-Indo-European *gher- 'enclosure' (compare Old Irish gort 'wheat field', Latin hortus 'garden', Tocharian B kerccī 'palace', Lithuanian gardas 'pen, enclosure', Russian город (górod) 'town', Albanian gardh 'frence', Ancient Greek χόρτος (chórtos, “farmyard”), Avestan gərədha 'dev's cave', Sanskrit gŗhás 'house').


Part I ~ LJUD.GARDA / MANNA.GARDA.FORDA / WAL.HALLA.GARA


I.1) LJUD.GARDA

[005/12]
THA BVRGA LJVD.GÁRDA. LINDA.HÉM ÀND STÁVJA
[O+S p.11]
de burgten Liudgarda, Lindahem en Stavia
The towns Liudgarda, Lindahem, and Stavia

[106/13]
MIN BURCH LÉID AN.T NORTH.ENDE THÉRE LJUD.GÁRDA
[O+S p.147]
Mijne burgt ligt aan ’t noordeinde van de Liudgaarde
My city lies near the north end of the Liudgaarde

[107/25]
ANNA SUDSÍDE FON THA BUTENSTE HRING.DIK IS THJU LJUDGÁRDA.
OM.TUNAD THRVCH THET GRÁTE LINDA.WALD
[O+S p.149]
Aan de zuidzijde van de buitenste ringdijk is de Liudgaarde
omtuind door het groote Lindenwoud
On the south side of the outer fortification is the Liudgaarde,
enclosed by the great wood of lime-trees

[113/26]
LJUD.WARDJA IS EN NY THORP.
BINNA THENE HRING.DIK FON THÉR BURCH LJUD.GARDA.
HWÉR FON THA NÔMA AN VNÉR KVMEN IS
[O+S p.157]
Ljudwardia is een nieuw dorp,
binnen den ringdijk van de burgt Ljudgaarda,
waarvan de naam in oneer gekomen is
Ljudwardia is a new village
within the fortification of the Ljudgaarda,
of which the name has fallen into disrepute

[116/07]
IK KÉM MITH EN FÁM TO THÉRE BURCH LJUDGÁRDA
[O+S p.159]
Ik kwam met eene maagd op de burgt Liudgaarde
I came with a maiden to the citadel Liudgaarde

[116/10]
THÉR THA LJUDGARDA WÉST HÉDE WAS SÉ
[O+S p.159]
Waar de Liudgaarde geweest was, was zee
Where Liudgaarde used to be was sea

[143/11]
HO THA LINDA.WRDA ÀND THA LJUD.GÁRDNE VRDILGEN SEND
[O+S p.195]
hoe de Lindaoorden en de Liudgaarden verwoest zijn
how the Lindaoorden and Liudgaarden were destroyed

[143/13]
THA NORTH.LIKA LJUD.GÁRDNE SEND THRVCH THENE SALTA SÉ BIDELVEN
[O+S p.195]
de noordelijke Liudgaarden zijn door de zoute zee bedolven
the north Liudgaarden are still concealed by the salt sea

I.2) MANNA.GARDA.FORDA

[005/16]
THA BURGA BVDA AND MANNA.GARDA.FORDA
[O+S p.11]
de burgten Buda en Manna-garda-forda
The towns Buda and Manna-garda-forda

[111/31]
ÉR HÉDIK ANDA SÁXANA MARKA. TO THÉRE BURCH MÀNNA.GÁRDA.FORDA WÉST
[O+S p.153]
Weleer was ik in de Saxenmarken op de burgt Mannagardaforde geweest
I had been before in the Saxenmarken, at the Mannagardaforda castle (Munster)

[151/02]
THENE ÔTHERA SVJARING NÉI MANNA.GARDA.VVRDA.
MANNA.GARDA.VVRDA IS FARIN THIT BOK.
MANNA.GARDA.FORDA SKRÉVEN.
MEN THAT IS MIS DÉN
[O+S p.205]
den anderen zwager naar Mannagarda oord;
Mannagarda oord is vroeger in dit boek
Mannagarda forda geschreven,
maar dat is fout [gedaan]
the other brother-in-law, to Mannagarda oord.
Mannagarda oord was written
Mannagarda ford in the earlier part of this book,
but that is [done] wrong

I.3) WAL.HALLA.GARA

[075/31]
AS ER TO LESTA SA. THAT HJU NAVT TO WINNE WÉRE.
GVNG ER NÉI WALHALLAGARA
[O+S p.105]
Als hij ten laatsten zag, dat zij niet te winnen was,
ging hij naar Walhallagara
At last, when he found that there was nothing to be got from her,
he went to Walhallagara (Walcheren)

[005/28]
THJU BURCH WALHALLA.GÁRA IS VNDER SIN HOD
[O+S p.11]
de burgt Walhallagara is onder zijne hoede
The town Walhallagara is under his care [lit.: hood]

[062/04]
MIDDEL VPPET ÉNE À.LAND IS THJU BURCH. WALHALLAGÁRA
[O+S p.87]
Midden op het eene eiland is de burgt Walhallagara
In the middle of one island is the city of Walhallagara (Middelburg)

[120/09]
BINNA THA HRING.DIK FON THÉRE BURCH WALHALLA.GÁRA
[O+S p.165]
binnen den ringdijk van de burgt Walhallagara
within the enclosure [lit.: ring-dike] of the citadel of Walhallagara

[156/15]
FON TEX.LÁND GVNGON HJA NÉI WEST FLÍLAND
ÀND SÁ ALINGEN THA SÉ NÉI WAL.HALLA.GÁRA HIN.
FON WAL.HALLA.GÁRA BRÚDON HJA ...
[O+S p.211]
Van Texland gingen zij naar Westflyland
en zoo langs de zee naar Walhallagara.
Van Walhallagara vertrokken zij ...
From Texland they went to Westflyland,
and so along the cost to Walhallagara;

thence
 [from Walhallagara] they followed ... 

Part II ~ GARA, GARJA, GADERJA
english: to gather
dutch: (ver-) garen, (ver-) gaderen

[001/10]
ÉNE MÉNA ÁCHT ... HWÉR GÁDURATH WÉRON ÁLLERA.MÀNNELIK ...
[O+S p.5]
eene algemeene volksvergadering ... alwaar [allen] vergaderd waren 
alle manspersonen
 ...

a general assembly [...] 
of the people was summoned, which was attended by all the men
 [where all people were gathered] ...


[009/32]
DÁWA. GÁDVRAD ANDA BÔSMA THÉRA BLOMMUN
[O+S p.17]
dauw, vergaderd in de boesem der bloemen
dew gathered from the cups of the flowers

[021/05]
VMBE SKÀT TO GARJA SKOLDE HJA ELLA VRRÉDA
[O+S p.33]
Om rijkdom te vergaderen zouden zij alles verraden

For the sake of money
 [in order to gather treasure] they would betray everybody [all]


[023/23]
THJU MODER LÉTH ALLE BISLUTA GADERJA
[O+S p.37]
De Moeder laat alle besluiten verzamelen
The mother 
considers
 [orders gathering of] all the resolutions


[083/12]
AS ER THÉR AFTER AL SINRA FORSTA OM JRA LÉGER TO.GADURAD HÉDE...
[O+S p.115]
Toen hij daarna alle zijne voornaamsten om haar leger vergaderd had...
Then, when he had gathered all his chiefs around her bed...

[099/09]
ÀND THÉR NIS NÉNE WISHÉD TO FINDANDE NER TO GARJANDE BUTA THAM
[O+S p.137]
en er is geen wijsheid te vinden, noch te vergaderen buiten die
nor is any wisdom to be found or gathered but in them

[136/21]
THÉRVMBE DÉD ER ELLA VMBE WISDOM TO GETANA ÀND TO GÁRANE
[O+S p.185]
daarom deed hij alles om wijsheid te 
verzamelen
 [krijgen] en te vergaderen

so he did all 
in his power
 to acquire [get and gather] wisdom


[141/03]
THÉRUT SKILET FOLK NYE KRÀFTA GÁRA
[O+S p.191]
daaruit zal het volk nieuwe krachten vergaderen
from it the people will gather new strength

Part III ~ GÁRDUM or GÁRDNE: gardens

[110/23]
T.ALDERGA. EN GRÁTE FLÍT OMBORAD MITH LOTHUM. HUSA ÀND GÁRDUM
[O+S p.151]
het Alderga. Een groote vliet omzoomd met schuren, huizen en tuinen
Alderga, a great river surrounded by houses, sheds, and gardens

[111/06]
THA GÁRDNE SEND MITH ALTID GRÉNE HÁGVM OMTUNAD
[O+S p.153]
De 
tuinen
 [gaarden] zijn met altijd groene hagen omheind [omtuind]

The gardens are 
all
 surrounded [or: enclosed, bordered] by [ever-] green hedges


Part IV ~ ALGADUR, TOGADUR, GÁD

TOGADUR (together) is used once in the OLB.
In oldfashioned Dutch this would be tegaar or tegader, but in modern Dutch the word is samen.
A nice example of an Oldfrisian word that survived in English, but not in Dutch.

ALGADUR or ALGÁDUR is used 14 times + once as ALGÁDER = total 15 times.
In English this would be allgather, allgether or alltogether.
In oldfashioned Dutch and various dialects allegaar is known. Modern Dutch is allemaal.

There is a word that appears thrice, in three different spelling varieties:
GÁDA, GÁDE, GÁD ~ meaning: partner (oldfashioned Dutch: gade)
This word might be related too.

° ° ° ° ° °

That the verb GÁRA, GÁRJA or GÁDERJA (with or without accent) is related to ALGADER, TOGADER and GAD is clear.

But that it might explain the original meaning of the words garden and guard is not mentioned on wiktionary.

Am I the first to see this?

A garden is a gathered piece of land, or a place to gather people or food (Ljud-garda ~ Manna-garda-forda ~ Wal-halla-gara).
It is also a place that is protected, guarded.

The old-Dutch word garde or gaerde means guard or group of soldiers.

The French word for war is guerre, the German word is krieg.
As Van Gorp has mentioned (I think) the verb kriegen (Dutch: krijgen) means to get, take, recieve.
If guerre is derived from GARA, it almost means the same: to gather, collect.

As I am only a dilettante, I don't know the best ways to explain this, but some of the more intelligent linguists will see the significance.

This is what the WNT (dictionary of dutch language) says about "garde" (guard or army):

of french garde, derived from old-frankish warda, old-high-german warta, middle-netherlandic waerde, ... with a change ofw in old-french gu (etc.)

Need I say more?

Anyway, this was for the record.
It will come handy later.

° ° ° ° ° °

Latin : HORTVS
Old-Greek : χόρτος (CHORTOS)


Examples like this show that Flemmish, Dutch and the Scandinavian languages are in many cases more original, than the languages that are usually considered to be older, simply because more sources were saved.


The fact that of all languages, Old-Frisian is the one in which most (folk-) etymologies are possible, indicates that this must indeed be the oldest and most original language. (Old dialects like Westflemmish often carry more original traces!)


The most simple version of a word is logically the oldest.


Example:


A Basque 16th century nobleman with the name Iñigo became a monk and Latinised his name into Ignatius (of Loyola). One of my 18th century familymembers (in protestant Holland) had this name too, but wrote it as Ingenasius (to hide his Jezuit roots?).


1. Iñigo
2. Ignatius
3. Ingenasius

Posted 14 May 2012 - 09:48 AM

Abramelin, on 14 May 2012 - 09:09 AM, said:

Has any of you considered that the Dutch word TUIN (which means garden) may be older then GAARDE/garden?

Three fragments:

ANDA ÔRE SIDE WRDEN WI THRVCH THÀT BRÉDE TWISKLÁND VMTUNAD

LJUDGÁRDA. OM.TUNAD THRVCH THET GRÁTE LINDA.WALD

THA GÁRDNE SEND MITH ALTID GRÉNE HÁGVM OMTUNAD