Varieties in use of second person

The Oera Linda-book consists of various texts, many of which written by different authors and in different times. Varieties in spelling and style have already been explored. In the following report, use of the second person ('you', 'your', singular/ plural/ pluralis reverentia [formal or polite]) is analysed.

Again a clear variety is found between the various texts (see table below).

Variety distribution	addressing group	addressing  individual
THV-/THI(N)-form only	16c	11b, 13e2
,, mostly	-	A, 4d-2, 13d
mixed	4d-1, 9b, 14b	8b1
J-/ JO(W)-form mostly	14d	-
,, only	1b, 2d, 18	-

fragments in table above

		nr. of units	page(s)
A	Hidde to Okke	6	00a
1b	Adela to audience	20	001-004
2d	Frya to descendants	28	011-014
4d-1	Minerva to priests	13	034-037
4d-2	priests to Minerva	14	034-037
8b1	Magi to Wodin	10	054
9b	Minerva to princes	7	071
11b	Frana to Jrtha	6	084
13d	Traest to man	11	104-106
13e2	girl to young man	8	112-113
14b	Gosa to steersmen	9	118
14d	Friso to his children	8	127
16c	Gosa to audience	11	160-162
18	Rika to audience	22	189-192

second person according to Hettema's trial Old Frisian dictionary

Some (of many) examples of remarkable 'mistakes' (in our perception):
8b3) p.59 THV BIST .. SWÀRVAR (sing / plur)
14b) p. 118 I MOSTE, JOW BISTE
14d2) p. 127 twice JOW as nominative

=========== data analysis ===========

In the following chapters/ paragraphs, 2nd person is not used: 1a, c / 2b, c1, e / 3 (laws and regulations) / 4a, b, c2, e / 5 (justice) / 6 (yule, script, numbers) / 7 (before Bad Times, how Aldland sank) / 8b2, c / 9a2 / 10a / 12 (Adelbrost) / 13b2, c, e1 / 14ef / 15a, b1 / 16a, b3 / 17 (Beden) / 19b, def

The following parts, only have sporadic or scattered use of the 2nd person, too little for analysis: B (Liko) / 4c1, c3 / 10b / 13b1, b3 / 15c,d 

The following samples may were analysed (with number of units):

• 6 --- A (Hidde)
• 20 --- 1b (Adela-helpers)
• 8 --- 2a, c2, c3 (three burgs, oldest history)
• 28 --- 2d (Tex Fryas)
• 28 --- 4d (Minno)
• 13 --- 8a, b1, b3 (Treasureburg: 2090 bce)
• 19 --- 9a1, a3, b, c (Walhallagara: 1630 bce)
• 19 --- 11abc (all burgs: 590 bce)
• 11 --- 13d (unknown on writing felt)
• 8 --- 13e2 (Apollanja)
• 12 --- 14a, b, c (Frethorik)
• 18 --- 14d (Ljudgert 1)
• 6 --- 15b2 (Dela/ Hellenja)
• 11 --- 16b1, b2 (Konered)
• 11 --- 16c (Gosa)
• 5 --- 16d (Ljudgert 2)
• 22 --- 18 (Rika)
• 5 --- 19a, c (unkown about Askar)

Inventory of the largest samples of at least 20 units, the ones of between 10 and 20 units and between 6 and 10 (excl. various short)

1b) Adela to her audience (meeting, council)
only J-form, 20 units


2d) Frya to her descendants
only J-form, 28 units

4d) Dialogue between Minerva and the princes-priests; author Minno
both forms: little J (4), many THV (23);
ca. 1/2 Minerva to priests (mixed), 1/2 priests to Minerva (mostly THV)

8) mostly 8b1 - Magi to Wodin
8a is (2x) author to mountains (plur!) and to Frya, both: THIN(NA).
8b3 is (1x) Sidonese coast dwellers to Tunis group (THV BIST sing.!).
8b1 - Magi to Wodin: mixed inconsequent (10 units): JE, JVW, I, JV vs. THV, TE, THIN(RE).

9) various short addresses (longest is Minerva to princes); a: Walhallagara; b: Texland; c: ?

• 9a1 - Kelta to followers (4x I/J verbs inconsequent, 1x THI)
• 9a3 - Kelta to Britne (4: THV, THI(NA))
• 9b - Minerva to princes (7 units, mixed: THINA SLÁVONA, BIST, WILST vs. JVW BERN, J SKOLDE, MOT.I)
• 9c - navigators to mercinaries (3: TE, THV, THINA)

11) various short (longest is Frana to Jrtha); on all burgs ca. 590 bce

• 11a - author to reader(s): JVWA
• 11b - Fin to Frana (NILST/SKILST), Magi to Frana (MOST/ I BISTE), Frana to Jrtha (6 units: THV, THI(N(RA))), Frana to Magi (THIN)
• 11c - Dane to Magi (THV, THIN)

13d) Traest to the unsociable man
mostly (9x) THV, THIN, (THAT)STE, however also (2x) MOT I, IS I THISSA RÉD...

14abc) mostly 14b - Gosa to steersmen
14a is veteran to Frethorik (2x: MOST, JOW mixed use!)
14c is dignitary from Friso's fleet to people of Staveren (1x J SKOLDE)
14b - mixed inconsequent use (4x KANST, ÁCHSTE, THI(N) vs. 5x I MOSTE!, JOW BISTE!, JOW)

14d) various short (longest is Friso to children); author Ljudgért 2

• 14d1 - Wichhirte to Alexander & army (JOW(A) = your plur. deads/ weapons; THINA = your sing. intellect); Alexander to Wichhirte (THIN/ STV); Nearchus to Wichhirte & fleet (I, JOW)
• 14d2 - wife Friso to random people (1x N.AST, 1x TO JOW); Friso writes his children (8 units, inconsequent, mixed: 2x JOW as nominative!, also as dative and genetive/  SKILSTV and THIN LIF next to JOW SÉLE); 1x Friso to Wichhirte & Gértmen (FON JOW)

16b) various short addresses (max. 3 units)

16c) Gosa to audience about language
consequently only THV-form: verbs WILST, ACHST.THV (2x), BIST.THV, WILSTE/ WILST.THV, DVATH.STV; 2x genitive THIN(A), 2x dative MIT THI, FON THI

18) Rika to her audience (descendants of Friso followers at Staveren Yulefeast)
very consequent, only J-form, 22 units
JY - 1e nom./ JOW(E(R)) 2e gen./ JO 3e dat./ 4e acc.
verbs plural:
SEND
SKILUN
WÁNATH, VRJETTATH, WETATH, KÉRATH
MÉNE, BVWE
1x sing.: MÉI

Main verbs KVMA and SEZA

Now that we have examined the auxiliary verbs most frequently used in the samples, we will continue with the two most frequently used main verbs: KVMA (to come, 92x) and SEZA (to say, 60x). Note these are frequencies in the samples (defined earlier) only.

1a. KVMA present 

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK KVME	all conjug.:	ich komme	ik kom	ik kom
THV -	come	du kommst	2nd/3rd:	do komst
ER KVMTH*		er kommt	komt	hy komt
WI KVMA**		wir kommen	plur.:	plur.:
J -		ihr kommt	komen	komme
HJA KVMA(TH)***		sie kommen

* 3 out of 13 KVMATH, 1/13 KVM
** 1/3 KVMATH
*** KVMA and KVMATH both 2/5, 1/5 KVME

1b. KVMA past

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK KÉM (2)	all conjug.:	ich kam	sing.:	ik kaam
THV -	came	du kamst	kwam	do kaamst
ER KÉM (38)		er kam		hy kaam
WI KÉMON (9)		wir kamen	plur.:	plur.:
J -		ihr kamt	kwamen	kamen
HJA KÉMON (28)		sie kamen

perfect: KVMEN (18x), KÉMEN (1x), KÉMON (1x), KOMTH (1x), KVMA (1x)
gerund: KVMANDE, KVMANE
used as auxiliary verb 7x, supporting BIFÁRA (2x), BJADA, FALLA, HÁLJA, MÉRA, RÁWANE (all 1x)

2a. SEZA present

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK SEZ (1)	all conjug.:	ich sage	ik zeg	ik sis
THV -	say	du sagst	2nd/3rd.:	do seist
ER SÉITH (1)		er sagt	zegt	er seit
WI -		wir sagen	plur.:	plur.:
J -		ihr sagt	zeggen	sizze
HJA SEZA (1)/ SEZATH (1)		sie sagen

2b. SEZA past

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK SÉID (1)	all conjug.:	ich sagte	sing.:	ik sei
THV -	said	du sagtest	zei	do seist(e)
ER SÉIDE*		er sagte		hy sei
WI SÉIDE (1)		wir sagten	plur.:	plur.:
J -		ihr sagtet	zeiden	seine(n)
HJA SÉIDON**		sie sagten

* in 15 out of 38 cases without the ending -E, because it is followed by a vowel (mostly -ER).
** SÉIDON 11x, SÉDON and SÉIDE both 1x

perfect: SÉID (3), SÉITH (2), SÉIT (1)
gerund: SEZANDE (2)
infinitive: SEDSA (3), SEZA (2), SEZE (1)
imperative: SEG (2), SEZ (1)


other main verbs sorted by frequency (>10) in samples:
22 DVA
21 LÉIA

19 SJA
17 STÁ
16 WÉTA
15 KÉTHA
14 NÉMA
14 HALDA
13 JÉVA
11 ANDERA
11 FRÉJA
11 HÉTA
11 MÁKJA

Old Frisian specialists' opinion?

Jacob Grimm

Old Frisian is an Old Germanic language, most closely related to Old English. Whereas Old English is taught and studied widely, Old Frisian seems to be a well-hidden secret, studied and taught by a just a handful of experts. (course intro Universities Oxford-Groningen)

Old Frisian has been a field of study particularly since the linguistic publications by Jacob Grimm (1785–1863). It would have been interesting to hear the opinion of an Old Frisian specialist about the language of the Oera Linda-book, but the silence has been deafening. This would not make much sense, unless the topic is taboo amongst them. For if they consider the manuscript to be obviously fake, it should be easy to explain why that is so, and it would still be a worthy topic, as there is no comparable work of creative art which has Old Frisian language varieties as one of its main sources of inspiration. Not only is it not discussed, it is not even referred to (unless I have missed it).

This post will be an inventory of the most prominent specialists Old Frisian. It can be used to search for possible publications or mentions that I have missed and perhaps some of them can at some point be motivated to share their thoughts on the OLB.

(random provisional order) 

Nijdam, dr. J.A. (Han), Fryske Akademy, project leader Old Frisian

Rolf H. Bremmer jr. (1950), professor of Old and Middle English, and extraordinary professor of Old Frisian, at Leiden University. Author of 'An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary' (2009).

Oebele Vries (1947), professor Old Frisian, at Groningen University (1978-2012). Editor of several publications with Old Frisian texts, notably, 'Asega, is het dingtijd?' (2007).

Henk D. Meijering (), emeritus professor Old Frisian and Old Saxon, at Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit.

Pieter Gerbenzon (1920-2009), professor (Old) Frisian language and O-F laws, at Universities Utrecht and Groningen.

this blog post is under construction

Auxiliary verb THVRA

entry for the word in De Haan-Hettema prov. dictionary 1832 ~ assuming OLB would be a 19th century creation, one would expect the varieties in it more to resemble those as suggested in the contemporary dictionaries

in Richthofen dictionary 1840

In previous posts we have taken a closer look at the auxiliary verbs most frequently used in the defined samples. Now it is time for the next in line: THVRA (modern cognates English - dare, German - dürfen*, Dutch - durven, Frisian - doarre, Swedish - tordas, Danish - turde, Icelandic - þora, Norse - tore).
*German 'dürfen' has a different meaning than the other cognates: to be allowed. While 'to dare' could be interpreted as 'to allow oneself', in the German word the one or the thing that allows lies outside of the self.

a. THVRA present

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK THVR (1)	all conjug.:	ich darf	ik durf	ik doar
THV THVRATH (1)*	dare	du darfst	2nd / 3rd p.:	do doarst
ER -		er darf	durft	hy doar(t)
WI THVRA (1)		wir dürfen	plur.:	plur.:
J -		ihr dürft	durven	doar(r)e
HJA -		sie dürfen

* Considering the conjugations of the other verbs, examined so far, 2nd person sing. present would be expected to end -ST (for example THVRST, THVREST).

b. THVRA past

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK -	all conjug.:	ich durfte	sing.:	ik doarst
THV -	dared	du durftest	durfde	do doarst(e)
ER THVRADE (6)*		er durfte		hy doarst
WI -		wir durften	plur.:	plur.:
J -		ihr durftet	durfden	doarsten
HJA THVRADON (5)		sie durften

* Also 1x THURADE, 1x THURVATH

Used in negative: 13 out of 16 = 81%.

Fragments in the Oera Linda-book (not only the samples)

1 [00b/12] B. Liko
THRVCHDA WI HJARA LJUDA TO SPRÉKE THVRA

2 [037/25] 4d. Minno
THÉRTHRVCH NE THVRADON HJA NÉN STRID WITHER AN TO SPINNANDE.

3 [047/21] 7a. all burgs
HWÉRTHRVCH THÀT FINDAS FOLK NAVT KVMA NE THVRADON.

4 [055/14] 8b1. Treasureburg
MEN LIK EN TWÍRNEWIND WENDON HJA OMME ÀND NE THVRADON NA WITHER FORSKINA.

5 [055/21] 8b1. Treasureburg
THAT I FRYA ÀND WRALDAS GÁST MISKÀNA ÀND SPOTA THVRADE.

6 [079/17] 11a. all burgs
WR A BERGA ÀND WR N SÉ NE THVRADE HI NAVT NE KVMA.

7 [122/25] 14d1. Liudgeart 1
THA HI NE THVRADE SIN TOCHT NAVT VRFATA.

8 [126/11] 14d2. Liudgeart 1
THJU MODER NE THVRADE HJRA JOI NAVT WACHTJA.

9 [126/18] 14d2. Liudgeart 1
THRVCHDAM HJU HJRA MAN NAVT WACHTJA THURADE.

10 [128/02] 14d2. Liudgeart 1
HJUD NE KV NI THVRADE NINMAN NE BILÍWA.

11 [136/31] 15b2. Dela-Hellenia
MEN HJA NE THVRADON HIM NAVT AVBÉR BIKÀNÁ AS HJARA ÀJNE BLOD.

12 [151/22] 16b2. Konered
ASTE THVRATH THENE MÉNA FJAND TO BIKÀMPANE

13 [154/03] 16b2. Konered
THACH JEF WI THÉRTHRVCH BÉTER WRDE THVR IK NAVT BIJECHTA.

14 [164/12] 16d. Liudgeart 2
THÉRVMBE NE THURVATH SE FAR HJARA SÉK NIT ÔPENTLIK UT NI KVMA.

15 [198/04] 19a. unknown about Askar
THA RIKA NE THVRADON HJARA MULA NAVT ÉPEN NE DVA.

16 [206/28] 19d. unknown about Askar
SÁ THAT THÉR AFTERNÉI NÉN MÀNNISK MÁRA KVMA NE THVRADE.

noun derived from the verb:
INNER WINNA JEFTHA MINNA MÔNATH GVNG AIDER THURVAR (one who dares) WITHER HÉMFÁRA.

Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old German etc. Texts

Karl von Richthofen (1811-1888)

Traditionally, 'Old Frisian' is the term used for the language of Frisian texts until ca. 1550 CE. Frisian is assumed to have developped out of 'North Sea Germanic' or 'Ingvaeonic', together with Saxon and English.

Below I will create a list of Old Frisian and other texts (currently available to me), the language of which will be compared to that of the Oera Linda-book. This list will be updated whenever I have new sources.

NOTE: see new post 

My sources (books - physical copy or PDF):

1. Old Frisian: Asega is het Dingtijd? - De hoogtepunten van de Oudfriese tekstoverlevering (2007)
2. Old Frisian/ Middle Dutch: Thest Freske Riim / Tractatus Alvini - edited by Alistair Campbell (1952)
3. Old Frisian: Het Rudolfsboek - proefschrift (1937 - PDF)
4. Old High German: Das Hildebrandlied - Faksimile der Kasseler Handschrift mit einer Einführung von Hartmut Broszinski (1984)
5. West Saxon dialect of Old English: Het Beowulf-epos - Angelsaksisch of Fries-Saksisch erfgoed van omstreeks 500 uit Frans-Vlaanderen (2006) see here newer tranliteration with English translation
6. Middle English: Layamans Brut or Chronicle of Britain - A Poetical Semi-Saxon Paraphrase of The Brut of Wace (1847 - PDF) also see blog post

Original sources ('Asega is het Dingtijd?'/ 'Het Rudolfsboek'):

• A - Codex Aysma
• B1 - First Brookmer Manuscript
• B2 - Second Brookmer Manuscript
• D - '(Oude) Druk': only printed source; 'Freeska Landriucht' (see article J.G. Ottema in De Vrije Fries 1859 pp 364-383)
• E1 - First Emsingo Manuscript
• F - Fivelgo Manuscript
• Fs - Codex Furmerius (see article P. Gerbenzon in De Vrije Fries 1948 pp 74-90)
• H - Hunsingo Codex (1 and 2*) **
• J - manuscript 'Jus Municipale Fresonum' (ed. Buma 1977)
• (P - Codex Parisiensis) mentioned, not used
• R1 - First Riustring Codex *
• R2 - Second Riustring Codex
• (Ro - Codex Roorda) mentioned, not used **
• U - Codex Unia (Junius)

* Transcript available at tdb.fryske-akademy.eu
** Scans of original [no longer] available at digicollectie.tresoar.nl

Note: when texts from source 1. are not dated here, dating in book was "Graventijd"

Note: it would be good to know which texts were available to whom before 1867 - I will try to add this info. At least D ('Oude Druk') and the content of Richthofen's Friesische Rechtsquellen (1840) will have been available.

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

name	original source	my source
#1 De Sage van Karel en Redbad (c. 1200-1300)	U (also J , D) (see here)	1
#2 Proloog op de Keuren en Landrechten	R1 (also E1, F, H, J, U, D)	1
#3 De Zeventien Keuren	R1 (also E1, F, H, J, U, D)	1
#4 De uitzonderingen op de Zestiende Keur	E1 (also F, H)	1
#5 De uitzonderingen op de Zeventiende Keur	R1 (also E1, F, H, J, U, D)	1
#6 De Vierentwintig Landrechten	F (also R1, E1, H, J, U, D)	1
#7 De Overkeuren (c. 1200)	H (also E1, F)	1
#8 De Willekeuren van de Opstalboom (dated 18-9-1323 CE)	U (also D)	1
#9 Het Algemene (Oosterlauwerse) Boeteregister	H (also R1, E1, F)	1
#10 Dit is ook Fries Recht (I en II) (c. 1150-1300)	R1 (also R2)	1
#11 De Brookmerbrief (c. 1250-1300)	B2 (also B1)	1
#12 De Hunsingoër Keuren van 1252 (1252 CE)	H (ook F, Fs)	1
#13 Het Landrecht van Westergo (Oudere Schoutenrecht)	J (also U, D)	1
#14 Het Jongere Schoutenrecht	J (also U, D)	1
#15 Het Westerlauwers Zeendrecht	J (also F, U, D)	1
#16 De Acht Doemen	J (also F, U, D)	1
#17 De Keuren van Wininge (c. 1290?)	Fs	1
#18 Het Asegarecht	F	1
#19 De Vredeseed	J	1
#20 De Magnuskeuren (c. 1200-1300?)	U (also F, J, D)	1
#21 Van de oorsprong der Friese Vrijheid (c. 1300-1350)	H	1
#22 Hoe de Friezen tot vrijheid kwamen (c. 1300-1400?)	J (also A)	1
#23 Het Traktaat van de Zeven Zeelanden (1416 CE)	D	1
#24 De vijftien tekenen voor de dag des oordeels	R1	1
rijmkroniek 'Thet Freske Riim' (c. 1509-1515)	MS II b 28	2
its adaptation: 'Tractatus Alvini' (between 1399-1512)	MS Gabbema 9056 Hs D	2
Het Rudolfsboek	J, D, U	3
epic poem: 'Hildebrandslied' (c. 830-840)	Codex Casselanus	4
epic poem 'Beowulf' (c. 975-1025)	Nowell Codex	5
Layaman's Brut / Chronicle of Britain (c. 1190-1215)	MS Cott. Calig A IX / MS Cott. Otho C XIII	6

Preliminary note:
I do not believe every age had its own particular variety, but rather, different varieties existed alongside each other: various authors and copyists may have their own style and preference. Even within texts, often several varieties can be found.

Auxiliary verb ÁCHA

The Old Frisian syntactic construct aga te (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study by Jelka Schilt, published in Aspects of Old Frisian philology (1990, p.391), edited by Rolf H. Bremmer et al. I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in the Oera Linda-book (not only in the samples).

Considering the exceptional use in 2d. [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be 'behoren' (allegedly dreived from 'horen'; to hear), which can be used in two ways:
1) 'behoren aan': belong to/ be owned by;
2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.

Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.

Infinite form is not used, but might have been ÁCHA*/ HAGA (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.
* either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable
singular:
IK/ ER ÁCH (10x)/ ER ÁGATH (1x)
THV ACHST(-E/-V) (4x)
plural:
WI/ HJA AGON (8x)/ ACHON (3x)/ HAGON (2x)/ HJA HAGATH (1x)
J HAGATH/ AGHAT (both only one)

The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.

Exceptional uses, in order frequency:

1) Verb ACHA

• 1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): as main verb, meaning 'belong to'.
• 1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): spelling -GH- (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..
• 4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): verb starts with H- (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
• 4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): conjugation ending -ath (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
• 3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON; the more common form is (H)AGON.

2) Supported main verb

• 1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): without 'TO': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
• 5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): verb does not end with -NDE (found 7x), -NA (found 4x) or -NE (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.

The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:

• TO LÉTA(NE) (4x), 
• TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and 
• TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)

Fragments in the Oera Linda-book

1. [004/26] 1b. Adela
SA HAGATH J TO NVDANDE THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge

2. [005/02] 1b
AL THISSA TÀLLINGA HAGATH DÉN TO WERTHANDE / tellings ought to be done

3. [012/07] 2d. Frya's Tex
THJUS ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this belongs to (...)

4. [013/12] 2d.
ALSA AGHAT J TO HELPANE HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help

5. [018/10] 3a. Laws 1
SA ÁCH HJU THAM BY STONDA TO JÉWANE / she ought to give

6. [025/18] 3c3. ,,
SA ACH THA MÉNA MÉNTA (...) THAT WITHER TO HÉLÉNA / community ought to repair

7. [025/27] 3c3.
BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON HJA FORÁNA TO SITTANA / they ought to sit

8. [029/29] 4c1. Minno
SA ACH MAN THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA TO LÉTANE / one ought to leave/let

9. [030/06] 4c1.
SA ACH MÀN THAT WÉIZARJA / one ought (to) refuse


10. [030/18] 4c1.
SA ACH MAN ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA TO KJASANE / one ought to choose/elect

11. [030/23] 4c1.
SA AGON THA ÔRA THAT TO WÉRANE / others ought to repel

12. [030/31] 4c1. ,,
SÁ AGON WY MITH HASTE HÉI TO TO SLANA / we ought to strike

13.[030/32] 4c1.
AFSKÉN WI ÉLLA AGON TO DVANDE / we ought to do

14. [037/14] 4d. ,,
THÉRVMBE ACHSTV TO BIJINNANDE / you ought to begin

15. [041/10] 5a2. Laws 2
THÉRVMBE ÁCH MÀN TO WÉRANA THÀM / one ought to repel

16. [041/13] 5a2.
JAHWÉDER JONG KERDEL ÁCH EN BRUD TO SÉKA / youngh-man ought to seek

17. [041/18] 5a2.
SÁ ACH EK MAN HIM UT SIN HUS TO WÉRANE / man ought to repel

18. [041/20] 5a2.
THA KNÁPA ACHON HIN TO FORMYDA / boys ought to avoid

19. [070/27] 9b. Walhallagara
THA AFTERKVMAND AGON TO WÉTANE THAT (...) / later generations ought to know

20a/b. [087/15] 11c. Helpers Adela
THA FÁMNA HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA TO TELLA ÀND WEL BISKRIVE LÉTA / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have described

21. [101/18] 13c2. Primal Teachings
ALSA HÁGON THA FÁMNA HJAM FON BUTA TO LÉRANDE / maidens ought to teach

22. [111/22] 13e2. Apollonia
HO THA MÀNNISKA AN THÉRE MINNE AGON TO LÉVANE / men ought to live

23. [118/03] 14b. Frethorik
THÀN ÁCHSTE SPOD TO MÁKJANDE / you ought to make

24. [119/23] 14c. ,,
NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON WI HJRA RÉD TO FRÉJANDE / we ought to ask

25. [128/20] 14d2. Liudgert 1
WI ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE TO FJUCHTANE / we ought to flee

26a/b/c. [137/15] 15b2. Dela a.k.a. Hellenia
THÀT MÀN THÉR IN ÁCH TO DELVANE TO ERANE ÀND TO SÉJANE / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow

27. [144/30] 16b1. Konered
VMBE (...) ÁCH IK DUBBEL TO WAKANE THAT (...) / I ought to beware

28. [161/08] 16c. Gosa
ALSA ACHST THV (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI KVMA TO LÉTANE / you ought to let come

29. [161/11] 16c.
THÀN ACHST THV TO NJODANE TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge

30. [195/12] 19a. unknown abt. Askar
THÉRVMBE ÁGON WI TO NJVDANE THAT (...) / we ought to urge

31. [197/16] 19a.
ALSA ÁGON THA KNÁPA (...) ÀFTERWÉIN TO LÉTANE / young-men ought to leave/let

Auxiliary verbs GÁ, LÉTA, KUNNA

In earlier posts, the conjugations of the following auxiliary verbs have been explored:

1. (post) HÀVA (have), WÉSA (be: active voice), WRDA (be: passive voice/ become),  
2. (post) SKILLE (shall/ will),  
3. (post) MOTA (must), MÜGE (may/ can/ be able or allowed to), WILLA (will/ desire).

Now we will look at three auxiliary verbs that are less frequently used, but still each occur 20 to 30 times each in the samples, analysed so far:

1) GÁ (go, begin, proceed to); note inf. also GÁN (1x), GVNGGA (1x), GÁNA (3x), GÁNE (1x)
Conjugations found in samples:
present sing. GA; plur. GAN (both once only)/ past sing. GVNG; plur. GVNGON/ perfect GVNGEN (10x), GVNGON (2x), GUNGON (2x), GONGGEN (1x)

• English: all forms present: go/ past: went/ perfect: gone
• Dutch: present sing. ga, gaat, gaat; plur. gaan/ past sing. ging; plur. gingen/ perfect gegaan
• German: present sing. gehe, gehst, geht; plur. gehen, geht, gehen/ past sing. ging, gingst, ging; plur. gingen, gingt, gingen/ perfect gegangen
• Frisian: present sing. gean, giest, giet; plur. geane/ past sing. gie, giest, gie or gong, gongst, gong or gyng, gyngst, gyng; plur. giene(n) or gongen or  gyngen/ perfect gien or gongen
  

 
2) LÉTA (let, allow): no separate forms to distinguish present from past
Conjugations found in samples:
IK LÉT (once only); ER LÉT; HJA LÉTON/ LÉTA (each once only)/ perfect: LÉTEN

• English: all forms present, past and perfect: let
• Dutch: present sing. laat; plur. laten/ past sing. liet; plur. lieten/ perfect gelaten
• German: present sing. lasse, lässt, lässt; plur. lassen, lasst, lassen/ past sing. ließ, ließest, ließ; plur. ließen, ließt, ließen/ perfect gelassen
• Frisian: present sing. lit, litst, lit; plur. litte/ past sing. liet, lietst, liet; plur. lieten/ perfect litten

3) KUNNA (can/ be able to; sometimes 'know')
Conjugations found in samples: 
present sing. IK KÀN (4x)/ KEN (1x), THV KÀNST (3x), ER KÀN (1x); plur. HJA KÀNNATH/ KENNATH/ KÀNATH (all 1x);
past sing. IK KV (1x), THV KOSTE (1x), ER KVSTE/ KOSTE (both 1x)/ KVN (1x)/ KV (6x) [note: KVNDE only in text 9c: 3x]; plur. WI KVSTE (1x); HJA KVNDON (1x)/ KOSTE (2x);
No perfect, nor infinitive in samples.

• English: all forms present can, past could and perfect does not exist (in stead been able to is used)
• Dutch: present sing. kan, kunt, kan; plur. kunnen/ past sing. kon; plur. konden/ perfect gekund (note kennen 'to know' is a different verb in standardised Dutch; not in some of the dialects!)
• German: present sing. kann, kanst, kann; plur. können, könnt, können/ past sing. konnte, konntest, konnte; plur. konnten, konntet, konnten/ perfect gekonnt
• Frisian: present sing. kin, kinst, kin; plur. kinne/ past sing. koe, koest, koe; plur. koene(n)/ perfect kinnen/ kind (note kenne 'to know' is a different verb in standardised Frisian, but its past tense is the same as that of kinne!)
  

= = =

Observations and conclusions to be added.

Auxiliary verbs MOTA, MÜGE, WILLA

As is the case with most auxiliary verbs, the various modern cognates can have (somewhat) different meanings and uses. The verb 'may', for example means 'to be able' and can be used as auxiliary of prediction; 'will' is a future auxiliary; the Dutch 'mogen' means 'to be allowed' (archaic 'vermogen' is as 'may'), and 'willen'/ 'wollen' means 'to wish/ desire', etc.

English German Dutch Frisian Danish Norse Swedish

must müssen moeten moatte måtte måtte måste

may mögen mogen meie maj mai maj

will wollen willen wolle ville ville vilja

= = = 

1a. MOTA present

FRYAS**	English	German	Dutch*	Frisian*
IK MOT	all conjug.:	ich muss	sing.:	ik moat
THV MOST	must	du musst	moet	do moatst
ER MOT		er muss		hy moat
WI MOTON		wir müssen	plur.:	plur.:
-		ihr müsst	moeten	moatte
HJA MOTON/ MOTA		sie müssen

* in Dutch, 2nd person sing. je/jij and plur. jullie are informal, formal is u/U with verb conjug. as in sing.; in Frisian do (sing.) and jim (plur.) are informal (like German du and ihr), formal is jo (like German Sie, with capital and verb conjug. as 3rd person plural) with verb conjug. as plur.; other Dutch personal pronouns are: ik (I), hij/zij/ze (he/she), wij/we (we), zij/ze (they); other Frisian pers. pronouns plur.: se/sy/hja/hju (she), wy (we) and hja/sy (they).
** ER and HI are both used for 'he', HJU for 'she'; in text 16d (almost exclusively), SE is used for 'she' and 'they'; TE is used besides the more common THV (2nd pers. sing.), J, I and JO(W) is used for 2nd person singular and plural; whether sing. or plur. is ment, is not always clear, as is the case with Dutch and Frisian polite/formal forms 'u'/ 'U' and 'jo'.

1b. MOTA past

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
-	-	ich musste	sing.:	sing.:
-	-	du musstest	moest	moast
ER MOST(E)	-	er musste
WI MOSTON*	-	wir mussten	plur.:	plur.:
J MOSTE**	-	ihr musstet	moesten	moasten
HJA MOSTON***	-	sie mussten

* 1 out of 4: MOSTE/ ** 1 out of 4: MOSTEN/ 2 out of 11: MOSTE 

2a. MÜGE present

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK MÉI	all conjug.:	ich mag	sing.:	ik mei
THV MÉI*	may	du magst	mag	do meist
ER MÉI**		er mag		hy mei
WI MÜGE/-ON		wir mögen	plur.:	plur.:
I MÜGE***		ihr mögt	mogen	meie
HJA MÜGE****		sie mögen

* 1 out of 5: MÜGTH/ ** 2/17 MACH/ *** only once/ **** 1/7 MÜGATH, 1/7 MÜGON

2b. MÜGE past

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK MACHT	all conjug.:	ich mochte	sing.:	ik mocht
-	might	du mochtest	mocht	do mochtst
ER MACHT(E)*		er mochte		hy mocht
WI MACHTON		wir mochten	plur.:	plur.:
-		ihr mochtet	mochten	mochten
HJA MACHTON**		sie mochten

* 6 out of 18: MACHT, 9/18 MACHTE, 3/18 MOCHT/ ** 4/11 MACHTE

3a. WILLA present

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK WIL	all conjug.:	ich will	ik wil	ik wol
THV WILST	will	du willst	jij wilt	do wolst
HI WIL		er will	hij wil	hy wol
WI WILLATH			plur.:	plur.:
J WILLE*			willen	wolle
HJA WILLE/ -ATH

* only once

3b. WILLA past

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK WILDE	all conjug.:	ich wollte	sing.:	ik woe
-	would	du wolltest	wilde	do woest
HI WILDE		er wollte		hy woe
WI WILDON*		wir wollten	plur.:	plur.:
-		ihr wolltet	wilden	woene(n)
HJA WILDON**		sie wollten

* 1 out of 3: WILDE/ ** 4/12 WILDE

= = =

Observations and conclusions to be added.

Auxiliary verb SKILLE

(Note: infininitve 'SKILLA' or 'SKILLE' is a reconstruction based on other verbs; it does not appear in the OLB.)
Although the following N-European varieties are all obviously cognates, they are not all used in the same way:

• shall - English (mostly deontic modality; in past tense also epistemic)
• sille - Frisian (mostly future tense; English: will)
• zullen - Dutch (mostly future tense)
• sollen - German (mostly deontic modality; also epistemic?)
• skola - Swedish (presens all 'skall'; preteritum all 'skulle'; perfect 'skolat'; can also mean to school)

FRYAS*	English	German	Dutch*	Frisian*
IK SKIL	all conjug.:	ich soll	ik zal	ik sil
THV SKILST	shall	du sollst	jij zult	do silst
ER SKIL		er soll	hij zal	hy sil
WI SKILUN		wir sollen	plur.:	plur.:
I SKILE**		ihr sollt	zullen	sille
HJA SKILUN		sie sollen

* see notes about personal pronouns and formal/polite 2nd person in next post/ **only once in samples

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK SKOL(D(E))	all conjug.:	ich sollte	sing.:	ik soe
-	should	du solltest	zou	do soest
ER SKOLDE*		er sollte		hy soe
WI SKOLDON		wir sollten	plur.:	plur.:
I SKOLDE**		ihr solltet	zouden	soene(n)
HJA SKOLDE***		sie sollten

* SKOLD in 4 out of 31 cases
** only once
*** SKOLDON in 3 out of 17 cases

In the samples, some of the verbs most often supported by SKILUN are:

• 16x WERTHA (become, be: passive voice)
• 14x KVMA (come)
• 8x HÀVA (have) 
• 8x WÉSA (be: active voice)
• 6x LÉTA (let)
• 4x BILÍWA (remain, stay; Dutch/ German: blijven/ bleiben)
• 4x NIMMA (take; Dutch/ German: nemen/ nehmen)

Sample definition for database noun-verb units

In order to study verbs, grammar and syntax of the various texts within the Oera Linda-book, a database is being created, consisting of all basic sentences (incl. dependent clauses) in various samples (currently together 41% of the whole OLB). All samples have a length between 4,200 and 5,900 characters (spaces and periods excluded).

The current samples in the database are:
[added July 2019: 2abc, 3ab, 6-7 // note the old chapter numbers were still used here; * column "new" has new chapter numbers when changed]

sample	new*	from	to
1ab	-	001/02 THRITTICH JÉR ÀFTERE...	005/07 ... RÉD IS VPFOLGATH
2abc	2a-e	005/30 THIT STAND VPPA THA...	011/11 ... JRTHA. JRTHA SÍ
3ab	-	015/01 THÀT SEND THA ÉWA...	021/14 ... INVRET ÉLLE LÁND
4d	4f	033/22 THÁ NYHELLÉNJA...	039/05 ... AS VNFRÁNA UT
6-7	-	045/01 HWÀT HIR BOPPA...	050/18 ... STÀRIKSTE BURCH IS
8b12	8bc	053/15 ANDA ALDERGÁMVDE...	057/32 ... NÉF INKA NINMER
9a	9abc	062/08 563 JÉR NÉI ALDLAND...	068/18 ... NÔSE OMME LÉID
11ab	-	079/12 HO VSA DÉNAMARKA...	085/11 ... WÁK WÁK WÁK
13e2	13i	108/28 ÉR EN BURCHFÁM...	113/21 ... BY THA STJURAR FÁRE
14ab	-	113/22 MIN NÔM IS FRÉTHORIK...	118/31 ... LIF TO BIHALDANE
14d1	14d	120/15 NEI THÀT WI...	125/05 ... ÀND WÉPNE FÁRA
14d2	14e	125/05 AMONG THA FÉLO...	130/20 ...N SÉEN HROPA
15b2	15c	136/08 16 WÁRA 100 JÉR...	141/23 ... TVANG VP JRTHA SA
16b1	16b	144/17 NV WIL IK...	150/19 ... IN SIN STÉD KOREN
16c	16e	158/11 THÁ WRALDA BERN...	163/9 ...ÔTHER MANHIS STÁT
16d	16f	163/15 PANGAB THAT IS...	168/19 ... JOW LJUDGÉRT
19bc	-	198/19 ANT NORTHENDE FON...	204/32 ... ÀND NÉDLIK WÉRE

Example (1) of selecting noun-verb units (noun bold, verb underlined, perfect/infinitive italic):

NÉAN (ANDERE HELLÉNJA). HI HELPTH MY HÜGJA (THAT ER EN SLACH FON MÀNNISKA OVIR JRTHA OMME DWÁLTH. (THÉR EVEN LIK HI IN KÀRKA ÀND HOLA HÉMA.) (THÉR AN TJUSTER FROTA). THACH NAVT AS HI. VMB VS FON MÛSA ÀND ÔRA PLÀGA TO HELPANE. MEN RENKA TO FORSINA. THA ÔRA MÀNNISKA HJARA WITSKIP TO RÁWÁNE (TILTHJU HJA THAM TO BÉTRE MÜGE FÁTA) VMB ER SLÁVONA FON TO MÁKJANDE ÀND HJARA BLOD UT TO SÛGANE. (ÉVEN AS VAMPÍRA DVA)).

Noun-verb units:

hellénja andere (Hellénja answered)	: sing. past
hi helpth hügja (he helps to remember)	: sing. present	/ inf.
hja müge fáta (they may/ can seize/ catch)	: plur. present	/ inf.
en slach dwálth (a kind wanders)	: sing. present
thér frota (who gnaw)	: plur. present
thér héma (who live/ have their home)	: plur. present
vampíra dva (leaches do)	: plur. present

Infinites, not part of of noun-verb unit (added in database, but not counted):

forsina, helpane, mákjande, ráwane, sûgane

Example (2)

IN HJARA TSJODIS HÉD SEND HJA TOGVNGEN ÀND HÀVON ÔTHERA TÁLA FORSVNNEN (TILTHJU HJA HÉMLIK MACHTE SPRÉKA IN ÀJENWARTHA FON ALREK ÔTHERUM). VR ALLE BOSA THINGA ÀND VR ALLE VNWÉRTHLIKA THINGA (SVNDER THÀT STEMLÉTH HJAM VRRÉDA MOCHT NACH SKÁMRÁD HJARA GELÁT VRDERVA).

 Noun-verb units:

hja send togvngen (they have proceeded)	: plur. present	/ perfect
(hja) hàvon forsvnnen (they have invented)	: plur. present	/ perfect
hja machte spréka (they could speak)	: plur. past	/ inf.
stemléth mocht vrréda (stammer could betray)	: sing. past	/ inf.
skámrád (mocht) vrderva (blush could taint)	: sing. past	/ inf.

(note: only the pers. prons. in noun-verb units)
	(note: only counted when part of noun-verb unit)

Different spelling and style of Pangab report

On page 120, Fréthorik Oera Linda introduces the report of Ljudgért, describing how king Alexander hired the service of Frya navigators and how a fleet eventually migrated back from India and Greece to the land of their forefathers (paragraphs 14d1-d2): "Liudgerd, the rear admiral of Wichard, became my ally and later my friend. From his diary I got the following history";

Later, on page 163, Fréthorik's son Koneréd adds a text (par. 16d), suggesting it was written by the same Ljudgért: "Among my father's papers, I found a letter, written by Liudgerd the Gerdman. Omitting some parts which only concern my father, I put the rest to good use here."
However, style and spelling of the two texts are significantly different, which will be demonstrated below.

In the following analysis four samples of text will be compared:
I.  'Pangab' (16d) without introduction: [163/15 PANGAB THAT IS... – 168/19 ... JOW LJUDGÉRT]
II.  'Fleet' (14d1-d2) without introduction: [120/15 NEI THÀT WI... – 130/20 ...N SÉEN HROPA]
III. 'Other': everything not included in any of the samples
IV. 'Samples': total of other samples 1ab, 4d, 8b12, 9a, 11ab, 13e2, 14ab, 15b2, 16b1, 16c, 19bc

1) spelling differences and sometimes a common word that does not exist anywhere else in the OLB (WELKE/-A):

2) relative to number of basic sentences (units), I. 'Pangab' has of all samples:

• lowest nr. of personal pronouns: 24% (II. 'Fleet': 46%; IV. 'Samples': 36%)
• lowest nr. verbs in past tense: 1,6% (II: 84%; IV: 61%)
• lowest nr. verbs in singular: 34% (II: 68%; IV: 61%)
• lowest nr. verb + infinitive: 13% (II: 28%; 24%)

[graphics showing deviation from average of samples will be added]
[discussion will be added]

Perfect WÉSA varieties

table with number of occurrances in the whole manuscript

The new database of verbs in the Oera Linda-book makes possible stylistic varieties between its various texts more easily distinguishable. The following is an example of an exploration that was inspired by such a variety.

The perfect of WÉSA (to be) has two varieties in the Oera Linda-book: WÉST (as in Dutch and Frisian is geweest/ haw west) and WÉSEN (as in German: ist gewesen) and is combined with a conjugation of WÉSA (as in Dutch and German: ist gewesen/ is geweest) in 25/37 = 68% of the cases, with a conjugation of HÀVA (as in English and Frisian: has been/ haw west) in 12/37 = 32% of the cases.

Summary use of perfect-WÉSA:

Authors who (deliberately?) used a different perfect for singular vs. plural:

• 13e1/e2 - Apollonia: sing. IS WÉST (2x) vs. plur. SEND WÉSEN; however, she was inconsequent twice: sing. HÉD WÉST and plur. WÉRON WÉST
• 14d1/d2 - Liudgerd 1*: sing. HÉDE WÉST (2x) vs. plur. HÉDE WÉSEN
• 16b1/b2/b3 - Conrad: sing. WAS WÉST(3x) vs. plur. WÉRON WÉSEN; however, he was inconsequent once: plur. HÉDE WÉST

* the other text attributed to Liudgerd (16d) was clearly written in a different style.

Authors with more than one, and consequent use:

• 1b/c - Adela and helpers: SÍ (2x), WÉRE, WAS, IS (3x) WÉSEN (all sing.)

Authors with inconsequent use:

• 8b1/c - Treasureburg: WAS, WÉRE WÉST vs. HÉDE WÉST (all sing.)
• 13b1 - Bruno: HÉDE, IS WÉST / HÉDED, IS WÉSEN (all sing.)
• 13e2 - Apollonia (see above)
• 16b3 - Conrad (see above)

Authors with only one use:

• B. Liko: HÀV WÉST
• 9a1 - Walhallagara: IS WÉST
• 12 - Adelbrost: IS WÉST
• 13b3 - ode (by Bruno?): IS WÉST
• 13d - on writing felt: IS WÉST
• 14a - Frederick: HÉDE WÉST
• 16c-1 - intro by unknown: HÉDE WÉST
• 16c-2 - Gosa: SEND WÉST (plur.)
• 18 - Rika: HÀVON WÉST (plur.)
• 19b - unknown: WAS WÉST
  

  
Oera Linda fragments (in order of appearance )

[00b] B - Liko
IK HÀV BI THAM ET HOVE WÉST
[001] 1b - Adela
THÀT IK THRJV JÉR BURCHFÁM WÉSEN SÍ
[001] 1b - Adela
AS IK EN WRENTLIKE FOLKSMODER WÉSEN WÉRE
[003] 1b - Adela
THÉR WAS HÍR WÉSEN EN HÀRDE LVNGSÍAKTE
[004] 1b - Adela
HO GRAT VS LÁND ÉR WÉSEN SÍ
[005] 1c - helpers Adela
THRJA IS ER SÉKENING WÉSEN
[005] 1c - helpers Adela
FJVWERS IS ER HYRMAN WÉSEN
[005] 1c - helpers Adela
FIF MEL IS ER SÉKENING WÉSEN
[053] 8b1 - Treasureburg
ÉNES WAS ER HÉRMAN WÉST
[055] 8b1 - Treasureburg
THA WODIN EN STÛT WÉI WÉST HÉDE
[060] 8c - Treasureburg
THAT WÉRE BÉTRE WÉST
[064] 9a1 - Walhallagara
NÉIDAM THÀT ... VS GRÁTESTE BIDRIV WÉST IS
[089] 12 - Adelbrost
THJU FÉRE THÉRA IS WÉST
[091] 13b1 - Bruno
THER SKRÍWER WÉSEN IS
[091] 13b1 - Bruno
HJU HÉDE IMMERTHE WÉNICH WÉST
[092] 13b1 - Bruno
IS HJU TOFARA HÍR BURCHFÁM WÉST
[092] 13b1 - Bruno
TIL HJUDDÉGA HÉDED ER FROD WÉSEN
[095] 13b3 - ode (by Bruno?)
HJU IS IMMER THJU [FORSTE] WÉST
[105] 13d - on writing felt
NIS THIN HUS THUS NAVT STERK NOCH WÉST
[108] 13e1 - Apollonia
SEND HJA SJVGUN JÉR WÁKANDA WÉSEN
[108] 13e1 - Apollonia
IS HWA THRJU JÉR FÁM WÉST
[109] 13e2 - Apollonia
MIN FÁRT IS ALINGEN THÉRE RÉNE WÉST
[109] 13e2 - Apollonia
ÉR WÉRON THÉR MÁR WÉST
[111] 13e2 - Apollonia
ÉR HÉD IK ... TO THÉRE BURCH ... WÉST
[116] 14a - Frederick
THÉR THA LJUDGARDA WÉST HÉDE
[123] 14d1 - Liudgerd 1*
HWÉR THJU STRÉTE ÉR WÉST HÉDE
[124] 14d1 - Liudgerd 1*
SÁ THA KÉNINGGAR FON THIRIS ÉR WÉSEN HÉDE
[127] 14d2 - Liudgerd 1*
THÉR I ÉR WÉST HÉDE
[145] 16b1 - Conrad
GOSA (SÉIDER) WAS FÉRSJANDE WÉST
[146] 16b1 - Conrad
BI SIN LÉVE WAS ER VRSTE GRÉVA ... WÉST
[148] 16b1 - Conrad
DÁNÁ WÉRON HJA NÉI FRISO WÉSEN
[154] 16b2 - Conrad
NAS THÉR NIMMAN SÁ BIFÁMED ... WÉST
[156] 16b3 - Conrad
THA HJA THÉR EN STÛT WÉST HÉDE
[157] 16c-1 - intro by unknown
SIN WIF (SÉIDER) THÉR FÁM WÉST HÉDE
[161] 16c-2 - Gosa
NV SEND WI ALSA MILD WÉST
[190] 18 - Rika
HÀVON HJA THET FORMA NAVT FVLDÉN WÉST
[201] 19b - unknown (Askar age)
ÁSKAR WAS OFTEN MITH WÉST

Auxiliary verbs HÀVE, WÉSA, WRDA

The three main verbs used as auxiliaries to support a perfect are (with English/ German/ Dutch/ Frisian version):

• 44% HÀVA* - have/ haben/ hebben/ hawwe
• 42% WÉSA - be/ sein/ zijn/ wêze
• 14% WRDANE/ WERTHANE - (no English cognate?)/ werden/ worden/ wurde (meaning: become/ be in passive voice)

* infinitive also HÀVE, HÁ, HÀ

This is only a first exploration. More details and conclusions will be provided later.

Notes about personal pronouns: ER and HI are both used for 'he', often shortened as R and I; K is short for IK. HJU is used for 'she'. Next to THV and J, also I and JO(W) are used; WI is also spelled WY. THV is often left out or merged, for example: HETHSTE, WILSTV, MOSTV, ACHSTV, SKILSTV etc.

1. HÀVA 
a) conjugation (present):

FRYAS^	English	German	Dutch^	Frisian^
IK HÀV	all conjug.:	ich habe	ik heb	ik haw
THV HÀST*	have	du hast	jij hebt	do hast
ER HETH		er hat	hij heeft	hy hat
WI HÀVE**		wir haben	plur.:	plur.:
J HÀWETH***		ihr habt	hebben	hawwe
HJA HÀVON****		sie haben

^ see notes about personal pronouns and formal/ polite 2nd person in next post
* or HÀSTE/ HESTE
** also HÀVATH, HÀVON
*** only once / possibly, there is no separate plural of 2nd person: sing. and plur. are the same?
**** also HÀVE


b) conjugation (past):

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK HÉD(E)*	all conjug.:	ich hatte	sing.:	ik hie
THV -**	had	du hattest	had	do hiest
ER HÉDE		er hatte		hy hie
WI HÉDE***		wir hatten	plur.:	plur.:
J - **		ihr hattet	hadden	hienen
HJA HÉDE****		sie hatten

* only once in combination HÉD.IK which may be short for HÉDE IK.
** no data available, see note at a)
*** sometimes HÉDON
**** HÉDE 59%, HÉDON 41%


c) perfect:

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
HÉDE HÁN/ HAT*	has had	hat gehabt	heeft gehad	haw hân

* both only once


d) imperative:
Not in samples (English: have/ German: hab(t)/ Dutch: heb(t)/ Frisian: ha)


2. WÉSA 
a) conjugation (present):

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK BEN*	I am	ich bin	ik ben	ik bin
THV BIST**	you are	du bist	jij bent	do bist
ER IS	he is	er ist	hij is	hy is
WI SEND	plur.:	wir sind	plur.:	plur.:
-	are	ihr seid	zijn	binne
HJA SEND***		sie sind

* also BIN, SÍ (both 2 out of 8)
** or BISTE (3 out of 6)
*** SIND in text 16d [added June 21: sometimes SEN in Apollania's burg]
italic: archaic


b) conjugation (past):

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
IK WAS/ WÉRE	I was	ich war	sing.:	ik wie
- *	you were	du warst	was	do wiest
ER WAS/ WÉRE	he was	er war		hy wie
WI WÉRON**	plur.:	wir waren	plur.:	plur.:
- *	were	ihr wart	waren	wienen
HJA WÉRON**		sie waren

* no data
** sometimes WÉRE


c) perfect:

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
WAS/ HÉDE WÉST/ WÉSEN*	has been	ist gewesen	is geweest	haw west

* WÉSEN (6 out of 19) /conj. HÀVE: (6 out of 19)


d) imperative:

FRYAS	English	German	Dutch	Frisian
WÉS	be	sei(d)	wees(t)	wês

3. WRDANE/ WERTHANE
a) conjugation (no clear distiction between present and past?):

FRYAS	English	German*	Dutch*	Frisian*
IK WRD	-	ich werde/ wurde	ik word/ werd	ik wurd/ waard
-	-	du werdest/ wurdest	2nd and 3rd. person:	do wurdst/ ,,
ER WÀRTH/ WRDE	-	er wird/ wurde	wordt/werd	hy wurdt/ ,,
WI	-	wir werden/ wurden	plur.:	plur.:
-	-	ihr werdet/ wurdet	worden/ werden	wurde/ waarden
HJA WÀRTH(AT)/ WRDE/ WRDON	-	sie werden/ wurden

* present/ past

b) perfect: 
IS WRDEN (German: ist geworden/ Dutch: is geworden/ Frisian: is wurden)

~ ~ ~

Variety of conjugation between the samples will later be explored.