- 44% HÀVA* - have/ haben/ hebben/ hawwe
- 42% WÉSA - be/ sein/ zijn/ wêze
- 14% WRDANE/ WERTHANE - (no English cognate?)/ werden/ worden/ wurde (meaning: become/ be in passive voice)
This is only a first exploration. More details and conclusions will be provided later.
Notes about personal pronouns: ER and HI are both used for 'he', often shortened as R and I; K is short for IK. HJU is used for 'she'. Next to THV and J, also I and JO(W) are used; WI is also spelled WY. THV is often left out or merged, for example: HETHSTE, WILSTV, MOSTV, ACHSTV, SKILSTV etc.
1. HÀVA
a) conjugation (present):
FRYAS^ | English | German | Dutch^ | Frisian^ |
IK HÀV | all conjug.: | ich habe | ik heb | ik haw |
THV HÀST* | have | du hast | jij hebt | do hast |
ER HETH | er hat | hij heeft | hy hat | |
WI HÀVE** | wir haben | plur.: | plur.: | |
J HÀWETH*** | ihr habt | hebben | hawwe | |
HJA HÀVON**** | sie haben |
^ see notes about personal pronouns and formal/ polite 2nd person in next post
* or HÀSTE/ HESTE
** also HÀVATH, HÀVON
*** only once / possibly, there is no separate plural of 2nd person: sing. and plur. are the same?
**** also HÀVE
b) conjugation (past):
FRYAS | English | German | Dutch | Frisian |
IK HÉD(E)* | all conjug.: | ich hatte | sing.: | ik hie |
THV -** | had | du hattest | had | do hiest |
ER HÉDE | er hatte | hy hie | ||
WI HÉDE*** | wir hatten | plur.: | plur.: | |
J - ** | ihr hattet | hadden | hienen | |
HJA HÉDE**** | sie hatten |
* only once in combination HÉD.IK which may be short for HÉDE IK.
** no data available, see note at a)
*** sometimes HÉDON
**** HÉDE 59%, HÉDON 41%
c) perfect:
FRYAS | English | German | Dutch | Frisian |
HÉDE HÁN/ HAT* | has had | hat gehabt | heeft gehad | haw hân |
* both only once
d) imperative:
Not in samples (English: have/ German: hab(t)/ Dutch: heb(t)/ Frisian: ha)
2. WÉSA
a) conjugation (present):
FRYAS | English | German | Dutch | Frisian |
IK BEN* | I am | ich bin | ik ben | ik bin |
THV BIST** | you are | du bist | jij bent | do bist |
ER IS | he is | er ist | hij is | hy is |
WI SEND | plur.: | wir sind | plur.: | plur.: |
- | are | ihr seid | zijn | binne |
HJA SEND*** | sie sind |
* also BIN, SÍ (both 2 out of 8)
** or BISTE (3 out of 6)
*** SIND in text 16d [added June 21: sometimes SEN in Apollania's burg]
italic: archaic
b) conjugation (past):
FRYAS | English | German | Dutch | Frisian |
IK WAS/ WÉRE | I was | ich war | sing.: | ik wie |
- * | you were | du warst | was | do wiest |
ER WAS/ WÉRE | he was | er war | hy wie | |
WI WÉRON** | plur.: | wir waren | plur.: | plur.: |
- * | were | ihr wart | waren | wienen |
HJA WÉRON** | sie waren |
* no data
** sometimes WÉRE
c) perfect:
FRYAS | English | German | Dutch | Frisian |
WAS/ HÉDE WÉST/ WÉSEN* |
has been | ist gewesen | is geweest | haw west |
* WÉSEN (6 out of 19) /conj. HÀVE: (6 out of 19)
d) imperative:
FRYAS | English | German | Dutch | Frisian |
WÉS |
be | sei(d) | wees(t) | wês |
3. WRDANE/ WERTHANE
a) conjugation (no clear distiction between present and past?):
FRYAS | English | German* | Dutch* | Frisian* |
IK WRD | - | ich werde/ wurde | ik word/ werd | ik wurd/ waard |
- | - | du werdest/ wurdest | 2nd and 3rd. person: | do wurdst/ ,, |
ER WÀRTH/ WRDE | - | er wird/ wurde | wordt/werd | hy wurdt/ ,, |
WI | - | wir werden/ wurden | plur.: | plur.: |
- | - | ihr werdet/ wurdet | worden/ werden | wurde/ waarden |
HJA WÀRTH(AT)/ WRDE/ WRDON |
- | sie werden/ wurden |
* present/ past
b) perfect:
IS WRDEN (German: ist geworden/ Dutch: is geworden/ Frisian: is wurden)
~ ~ ~
Variety of conjugation between the samples will later be explored.
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