SAVED FROM THE FLOOD — Oera Linda studies
Interview by Niels Lunsing and Merlyn van Dobben (Gletsjer Radio), in Dutch language, with subtitles in English and Dutch (German, Swedish and Danish to be added soon — credits to our volunteers!):
Part One about Oera Linda, in which some new information is revealed, not discussed earlier in interviews.
Part Two about Jan Ott, with more personal and 'unscientific' information.
New videos:
1) Compilation of Frijsia Festival performance, in Warns (near Stavoren), 24 September 2022. With Rypke Zeilmaker. About 'Subsidiefries' and with a translated (into Dutch) fragment about Frya. Subtitles in Dutch, English, Danish and Swedish (German to be added later).*
2) Subtitled selection of audio-only podcast (interview by Niels Lunsing) from 'De Andere Krant', recorded January 9. Full recording here. Subtitles in Dutch, English, German, Danish and Swedish.* (*with thanks to our Danish volunteer for helping make the subtitles)
3) Second Dutch studio interview at 'V for Valentine' (by Boris van de Ven), recorded January 25. A subtitled version will be added later to our video channel.
4) Recorded Dutch online chat at Gletscher Radio (Niels Lunsing and Merlyn van Dobben), recorded 14 February. A subtitled version in two parts will be released on our video channel. First 45 minutes is about Oera Linda and includes topics that were not discussed earlier. The last 30 minutes are more personal, about consciousness and 'coincidences'.
Oera Linda Foundation:
1) Web domain has changed from oeralinda.nl into oeralinda.org.
2) An Oera Linda forum has opened: https://forum.oeralinda.org.
3) An Oera Linda wiki has been added: https://wiki.oeralinda.org. Here the most up to date revision of the translation can be navigated, either in the original order, or in the alternative (more chronological) order, with links to transliteration and manuscript pages. Other sections contain lists of names and places as well as word studies. Much more will be added here. We intend to move (or copy) improved versions of the best posts from this blog there.
To be expected:
1) First presentation to public will be in Joure, Friesland on 29 March (in Dutch language), at Stichting In-zicht. More information and ticket reservation here.
2) A free PDF and EPUB version of the fully revised translation (without transliteration and manuscript pages) will be created and made available.
3) Application for 'ANBI' status ('Public Benefit Organisation') of the Foundation is being prepared.
4) Fryas language course (audiovisual), making use of the the 'Fryas Standskrift'.
1. to explain, instruct, mean, translate / meaning
1a) verb: BITHJOD-, BITHJUD-, BITHUT-, BITJOT-, BITJVD-, BITJVT-, BITJVTH-: 'to explain, mean, instruct' (fragments 2f, 13f, 13g-1, 13g-2, 16f)
1b) noun derived from it: BITHJUTNESSE, BITJVDNESE, BITJVTENISE: 'meaning' (fragments 4f, 6, 15e)
Some cognates:
verb:
(be)duiden - Dutch (point to, refer to, suggest, explain, clarify/ signify, indicate, signal, foreshadow)
(be)deuten - German (mean, imply etc./ interpret, point at)
ge-ðiodan - Od English (i.e. 'translate')
þýða - Old Norse
noun:
(Be)deutung - German (interpretation, analysis/ meaning, sense, meaning, significance, importance)
duiding - Dutch (the act of providing meaning or context to help others understand)
adjective:
duidelijk - Dutch (clear, precise, obvious)
deutlich - German (articulate, clear, distinct, considerable)
=== Fragments in Codex Oera Linda ===
2f. Frya’s Tex
[013/15]
HJRA DVMHÉD BITJVTHA
explain her folly
4f. Minerva
[035/01]
THJU BITJVTENISE FON THI NACHT.ULE
the meaning of the night owl
6. Yule, Script, Numbers
[045/25]
THJU BITJVDNESE
its meaning
13f. Primal Teachings 2
[101/25]
BITHJUTA ÀND BIWISA MÜGE
explain and demonstrate
13g. The Unsociable Man
[105/01]
BITHJUDE HIU HIRA BERN
she instructed her children
[106/01]
BITHJOD THÀN JVWE NÉSTA
Instruct your neighbors
15e. Gosa’s Will
[142/20]
THA BITHJUTNESSE LÉRA
teach the meaning
16f. Liudgeart: Panj-ab Report
[165/30]
THET HINDNE BITJOTH
which means ‘hinds’ (deer).
 |
| Chuds and other ethnic groups in 9th century Eastern Europe |
2. (foreign) people, populace, folk
noun: TJVTH, TJOTH, THJUD, THJOTH: 'people, populace, folk' (note: in OL always used referring to foreign people)
Related: Dutch, Diets, Deutsch ('German'), Teuton.
=== Fragments in Codex Oera Linda ===
4g. Crete
[039/20]
THA FORSTA ÀND PRESTERA KÉMON BÁRJA THÀT WI HJARA TJVTH OVERHÉRICH MAKAD HÉDE ÀND THÀT FOLK KÉM TO VS VMBE HUL ÀND SKUL.
The princes and priests came and charged that we had made their people [i.e. Cretans] unruly, and the folk came to us for aid and protection.
8a. Magyars and Finns
[052/20]
ÀND HJARA TJOTH HILDON HJA IMMERTHE BINNA THA PÉLON. MEN THAT VRSKALKTON VSA WÁKENDOM.
And they [i.e. the Magyars] always kept their populace [i.e. the Finns] within their boundaries. But that made us complacent.
13d. Ode to Adela
[097/10]
THA FÉRHÉMANDA HÉRA KÉMON HJARA THJUD ASKJA. THÁ HJA SAGON HO SKOTS HJA MISDÉN WÉRON KÉM TORN VP.
Their foreign masters came to look for them [lit.: 'for their people', i.e. three Phoenician sailors] and, seeing how they had been humiliated, became furious.
13i. Apollania’s Journey
[113/05]
DVATH HJA ALSA. [10] SÁ SKILUN THA WICHANDLIKA KNÁPA TO VS KVMA. HJA SKILUN WISER WÀRTHA ÀND RIKKAR. ÀND WI NE SKILUN NÉN BIHOF LONGER NAVT NÀVE AN THÀT WLA THJUD.
If they do so, the boldest young men will come to us. They shall become wiser and richer, and we shall no longer have need of those useless types [lit.: 'that foul/vile folk'].
19f. Askar’s Failure
[209/05]
THA [10] FOLKAR THAM AN HIM PÁLADON. HÉTON HJARA SELVA THJOTH.HIS SVNA THAT IS FOLK.HIS SVNA.
The peoples closest to him called themselves‘Thioth’s Sons’ (Teutons) — that is ‘folk’s sons’.
 |
| see below |
3. wicked, exotic, alien, strange ('of foreign people'?)
3a) adjective in compound noun: TSJOD.IS.HÉD (fragment 16e): 'wickedness'
3b) adjective in seemingly negative context: THJVD, TJODA (fragments 1b, 19c, 19d): 'exotic', 'alien', 'strange' ('of the foreign people', 'unwelcome here'?)
(Probably) related: Frisian 'tsjoed', Sami tshudde or čuđđe, Tschuden, Chuds. See notes below.
=== Fragments in Codex Oera Linda ===
1b. Adela’s Advice
[002/15]
THÉR HÉRDON HJA MITH LUSTUM NÉI THA VRDWÁLSKA [20] FINNA SÁGUM. THRVCHDAM HJA THJVD ÀND NÉI WÉRON. SÁ SEND HJA VNT.FRYA.ST VNTHÔNKES THENE WALD HJARAR ALDRUM. (the manuscript has twice ÀND after THJVD, which I think is a more common copyist error. Overwijn read this as THJVDAND ÀND NÉI. Menckens also read 'thjudänd' as one word.)
There, they listened eagerly to the outrageous sagas of the Finns, because they were exotic and new. This is how, despite the authority of their parents, they lost their Fryas identity.
16e. Gosa: Purity of Language
[159/15]
IN HJARA TSJOD.IS.HÉD SEND HJA TO GVNGEN ÀND HÀVON ÔTHERA TÁLA FORSVNNEN
TILTHJU HJA HÉMLIK MACHTE SPRÉKA IN [20] ÀJENWARTHA FON ALREK ÔTHERUM. VR ALLE BOSA THINGA ÀND VR ALLE VNWÉRTHLIKA THINGA SVNDER THÀT STEMLÉTH HJAM VRRÉDA MOCHT NACH SKÁMRÁD HJARA GELÁT VRDERVA.
In their wickedness, they went about inventing different languages, so as to speak secretly in the presence of others about all evil things and about all unworthy things without a stammer betraying them or a blush tainting their visage.
19c. Reintia’s Dream
[204/20]
BY THA TWISK.LANDAR SEND FÉLO TJODA PLÉGA FON THA TARTARUM ÀND MAGJARA BINNA GLUPTH MEN ÁK FÜL SEND [25] THÉR FON VSA SÉDUM BILÉWEN.
THÉR THRVCH HÀVATH HJA JETA FÁMNA THÉR THA BERN LÉRA ÀND THA ALDA RÉD JEVA.
Among the Twisklander, many alien habits had crept in from the Tartars and Magyars, but many of our customs remained. Hence, they still have maidens who teach the children and advise the old.
19d. Askar Lost to Idolatry
[205/15]
FRÉTHO.GUNSTA KÉM EN JÉR LÉTER TO STÁVEREN. BI HJARA FOLGAR WÉRE ÁK ÉNEN MÁGÍ HWAND THA JUTTAR WÉRON [15] SUNT LÔNG VRBRUD. KIRT AFTER THÀT ÁSKAR MITH FRÉTHO.GUNSTA BOSTIGJATH WAS WÀRTH THÉR TO STÁVEREN ÉNE SCHERKE BVWED. INNA THJU SCHERKE WRDON TJODA DROCHTEN LÍKANDA BYLDON [20] STALTH. MITH GOLD TRVCH WROCHTNE KLÁTHAR.
ÁK IS ER BIWÉRATH THAT ÁSKAR THÉR NACHTIS ÀND VNTÍDIS MITH FRÉTHO.GUNSTA FÁR NITHER BUWGADE.
Frethogunsta came to Staveren one year later. Among her followers was a magus, for the Jutters had long been corrupted. Shortly after the marriage of Askar and Frethogunsta, a temple was built at Staveren, in which strange idols were placed, clothed in garments embroidered with gold. There were rumors that Askar would bow down to them with Frethogunsta at night and at ungodly times.
| fragment |
Ott 2023 |
Menckens 2013 |
Jensma 2004 |
Overwijn 1951 |
Wirth 1933 |
Sandbach 1876 |
Ottema 1876 |
| 1b | exotic |
volksnah |
slecht |
dubbelzinnig |
deutungsvoll |
bad |
geestig (1872: slecht) |
| 16e | wickedness |
Verschlagenheit |
slechtheid |
zigeunerachtigheid |
Schlechtigkeit |
wickedness |
ondeugendheid |
| 19c | alien |
Volks- |
slechte |
Zigeuner- |
übele |
bad | kwade |
| 19d | strange |
volkliche |
kwade |
Magiaanse |
üble |
( - ) |
boze |
 |
| 'tsjoed' in 'Friesch Woorden- boek' Dijkstra & Buitenrust Hettema A-H (1896) |
Notes:
===
If 2) means 'foreign people' (in a negative sense: unwelcome here), 3) could originally mean 'of the foreign people' in short 'foreign' or 'strange', but in a negative sense: 'alien'.
I think 'Tschuden' can be explained from the Fryas word. But I don't see a clear link between 1) and 2)/3) yet.
 |
|
Mrs. Rohde (born 1843) with the German Mother's Cross of Honor in gold on her 100th birthday, then mother of 8, grandmother of 22, great-grandmother of 9 and g-g-grandmother of 2. |
noun
Ehre - German
eer - Dutch, Afrikaans
eare - Frisian
ære - Danish, Norse
ära - Swedish
honor - English
verb
Ehren - German
eren - Dutch
eer - Afrikaans
earje - Frisian
ære - Danish, Norse
ära - Swedish
to honor - English
varieties used in Oera Linda, with numbers of the fragments below
ÉR, ÉRA, ÉRE - honor (noun): 1b-1, 2g, 3a, 3c, 10b, 12-2, 13a, 13b, 13f-1, 14a-1, 15a, 16e
VN.ÉRE - dishonor, shame: 14a-2
ÉRA, ÉRANE, ÉRATH - honor/-ed (verb): 3e-1, 4c-2, 8b-2, 9a-2, 13f-2, 15c-2
ÉRSÉM - honorable, worthy: 1b-2
ÉRLIK - honest, honorably: 3e-2, 4c-1
ÉRE.MODER/-MODAR - honorable/honored mother (title): 2f, 4f-2, 5e, 6, 11c, 12-1, 14b-1, 15e, 18-2
ÉRE.NÁMA, ÉRE NÔMA, ÉRE.NÔME, ÉRNÔMA - honorable/honorary name, title: 4a, 4b-1, 4f-1, 9a-1
ÉREWÉDVE - widow of honor: 4b-2
ÉRE RÁWER - slanderer, lit.: 'honor-robber': 5d
ÉR.RIK - honorable, lit.: 'honor-rich': 8b-1
ÉR.BJADENESSE, ÉRBIDENESE, ÉRBEDENESE, ÉR.BÍDNESSE - respect, reverence: 9d, 14b-2, 15c-1, 18-1
===
fragments in Codex Oera Linda ===
1b. Adela’s Advice
[004/01]
IK WÉT [5] WEL THÀT J THÉRMITHA ANDA BRVD SITTE VT HAWEDE THÀT.ER FON THA THREDTINE BURCH.FÁMNA THAN WI JETA OWER HÀVE WEL ACHTE SEND THÉR NÉI THÉRE ÉRA DINGE.
I know that this is problematic because, of the thirteen burgmaids who yet remain, no less than eight desire the honor.
[004/15]
THÉR STÀT ASKRIVEM. THIU MODER ÀND JAHWELIK BURCH.FÁM SKIL HÀVA BUTA HELPAR ÀND SÀNDA.BODON. [20] ÍN ÀND TWINTICH FÁMNA ÀND SJUGUN LÉR.FÁMKIS. MACHT IK THÉR HWAT TO DVANDE. THÁ SKOL.IK SKRÍWA. ÀND ALSA FÉLO ÉRSÉMA TOGHATERA VMBE TO LÉRANE. SA THÉR VPPA BURGUM WÉSA MÜGE.
It is written there that the Folksmother and each burgmaid shall have, besides helpers and messengers, twenty-one maidens and seven maiden apprentices. Were I to add something, it would be to write: “and as many worthy daughters to study as the burgs can house.”
2f. Frya’s Tex
[013/30]
VPPA MINRE FÁM FÀSTA HÀV IK MIN HÁP FÀSTEGTH. THÉRVMBE MOST J HJA TO JO [014] ÉRE.MODER NÉMA.
Upon my maid Festa, I have fastened my hope. Therefore, you must make her your [014] honored mother.
2g. Festa: Laws and Frya’s Day
[014/10]
SEND HJA VPPA WÉGAR [15] WRIT THAN SEND HJA ÉWA ÀND THÀT IS VSA PLICHT VMBE ALTHAM AN ÉRA TO HALDANDE.
Once they have been written upon the walls, they are ‘eawa’: laws, and it is our duty to honor them. (lit.: 'to hold in honor')
3a. Burg Laws
[017/05]
IS THÉR ÀMMAN KÉREN VMBE VPPA BURGUM TO THJANJANDE ÀND NIL.ER NAVT THÀN NE MÉI.R NA NÉN BURCH.HÉR WERTHA ÀND DUS NÉN STEM NAVT NI HÀVA. IS.ER AL BURCH.HÉR SA SKIL HI THJU ÉR VRLJASA.
If someone is chosen to serve at a burg and refuses, he can never become burg lord, and thus will have no right to vote. If he is already burg lord, he shall lose the honor.
3c. Laws for the Army and War
[022/20]
IS THI KÉNING THRUCH THENE FYAND FALLEN SA [25] MÜGON SINA SIBBA ÁK NÉI THÉRE ÉRE THINGA.
If the king is killed by the enemy, his next of kin may be nominated for the honor.
3e. Security and War Aftermath
[025/25]
BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON HJA FORÁNA TO SITTANA. TILTHJU THA JÜGED SKIL ÉRA HJAM.
At feasts, they must sit in the front so that the youth may honor them.
[026/05]
SEND THÉR SVM THRVCH THENE FYAND FAT ÀND KVMATH HJA TOBÀK SA MOT MÀN HJAM FÉR FON THÀT KÀMP OF FORA. HWAND HJA MACHTON FRY LÉTEN WÉSA BY ÀRGE LOFTUM ÀND [10] THAN NE MÜGON HJA HJARA LOFTA NAVT NI HALDA ÀND TACH ÉRLIK BILÍWA.
If anyone has been captured by the enemy and they come back, they must be kept far away from the encampment, as they may have been set free through traitorous promises. This way, they may avoid keeping their promises without forfeiting their honor. (lit.: 'and still remain honest')
4a. Preventing War
[026/05]
FORTH HI EN ÉRE.NÁMA VPPA SINE SKELD FON SINA ÉTHELUN. SA NE MÜGON SINA SIBBA THI NÁMA NAVT LÔNGER NE FORA. THÉRVMBE THÀT THI ÉNE SIBBA SVRG SKIL HÀVA OVIRA [10] SÉDE THÉRA ÔTHERA.
If he bears an honorary title from his ancestors on his shield, his kinsmen shall no longer use that name, in order that families will feel responsible for one another’s conduct.
4b. Laws for the Steersmen
[027/10]
STJURAR IS THI ÉRE NÔMA THÉRA BUTTA FÁRAR.
‘steersmen’ is the title given to the seafarers
[028/25]
WAS HI FOR.SÉITH SA MÉI SIN BRUD SJVGUN MANNIS DÉLUN ÁSKA VMBE [30] HIRA FRYA.DULF EN STÉN TO TO WJANDE MAR THÀN MOT HJA FORTH ÉREWÉDVE BILYVA HJRA LÉVA LÔNG.
If he was betrothed, his bride may ask seven shares in order to dedicate a stone to her fiance. But then she must remain an honorable widow all her life.
4c. Useful Precedents
[029/30]
SA MAN THÉR NAVT BUTA NE KÀN. SA MOT MAN THÀT ÉRLIK ÀND RIUCHTFÉRDICH DVA.
if we cannot avoid it, we must judge honorably and justly.
[030/20]
HETH.I.T AL DÉN SA MOT MÀN [25] THÀT BÉTERJA. ÀND THENE MIS.DÉDAR UT OF LANDUM BANNA. TILTHJU VSA NÁMA VR AL MITH ÉRANE SKIL WERTHA BINOMATH.
If he has already committed the fraud, it must be set right and the culprit banished from the lands, in order that our name should everywhere honorable. (lit.: 'be mentioned with honoring')
4f. Minerva
[034/05]
THACH THÉRMITHA MISTON HJA HJARA DOL. HWAND THÀT FOLK THÀT HJA MINNADE ÀND HJA FOLGADE NAM THIS NÔME TO.N ÉRE.NÔME AN.
But their ridicule went amiss, for the folk that loved and followed her took up this name as a title of honor.
[038/15]
HJA STÀLDON ÁK FÁMNA VNDER HJARA HODE. THA SKINBÉR VNDERE HODA FON FÀSTA VSA FORMA ÉRE.MODER. VMBE OVER THÀT FRÁNA LJUCHT TO WÁKANE.
They also placed maidens under their care (pretending these were under the care of Festa, our first honorable mother) to watch over the divine light.
5d. Punishments for Evildoers
[043/20]
ÀFTER LÁDATH MÀN OVERA MÀRKA. MEN NAVT NÉI THA TIN.LÁNA THRVCH THAT EN ÉRE RÁWER ÁK THÉR IS TO FRÉSANE.
After this, he is to be banished — but not to the tin mines because, even there, a slanderer is to be feared.
5e. Three Thieves
[044/05]
THJU ÉRE MODER WAS ET SÉID ÀND HJU LÉTH ET KUNDICH DVA THRVCH THÀT ÉLE LAND.
It was reported to the honorable mother and she saw that it was heralded throughout the land.
6. Yule, Script, Numbers
[045/15]
THÁ FÀSTA ÉRE.MODER WÉRE HETH HJU.R THÀT RUN JEFTHA HLAPANDE SKRIFT FON MAKAD.
And when she was honored mother, Festa used it to make the continuous Runscript.
8b. Wodin and the Magus
[054/25]
HWAT SKOLDE THAT ÉR.RIK FÁRI WÉSA ASTE THA WILDA WITHER TOBÀK DRIWA KOSTE. VSA SÉFÍRA SKOLDET ROND.BLÉSA AND [30] VSA MÁRA SKOLDON JV VRAL FÁRUT GÁ.
What honor (lit.: 'honor-rich') it would be for you if you could drive back the savages! Our trumpets would resound with the tidings and our praises would precede you everywhere.”
[056/01]
BUTA ÀND BIHALVA THISSA TWIST. SA WAS THÉR JET.ÉN EMONG SIN MAGJARA ÀND [5] FINNA. THÉR FRYA NER WODIN ÉRA NAVT NILDE.
Beyond this dispute, there was yet another quarrel among his own Magyars and Finns, who would honor neither Frya nor Wodin.
9a. The War of Kelta and Minerva
[062/15]
THÉRVMBE WARTH HJU THRVCH THA STJÛRAR KÀLTA HÉTEN. THA [20] LAND.SÁTA MÉNADON THAT ET EN ÉRNÔMA WÉRE.
Therefore, the steersmen called her ‘Kelta’ (chatter), though this was interpreted by those who did not voyage at sea as a name of honor.
[062/25]
LIK EN WR.LANDESKE FORSTINE WILDE HJU ÉRATH FRÉSATH ÀND BÉDEN WÉSA.
Like a foreign princess, she desired to be honored, feared, and worshiped.
9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle
[071/10]
AS HJA THAT NW ELLA [15] TELLAD HÉDE. FRÉJATH HJA MITH ÉR.BJADENESSE VM ÍSERNE BURCHWÉPNE
When they had narrated all this, the mariners respectfully (lit.: 'with respect') asked for iron weapons for burg defence,
10b. Athenia: Miscegenation and Decadence
[078/25]
NÉIDAM RIKDOM BY THÀT VRBRÛDE ÀND VRBASTERDE SLACHT FÉR BOPPA DÜGED ÀND ÉRE JELDE. SACH MÀN AL [30] TOMET KNÁPA THAM HJARA SELVA MITH RUMA RIKA KLÁTAR SÍRADON. HJARA ALDRUM ÀND FAMNA TO SKÔNDA ÀND [079] HJARA KUNNA TO SPOT.
Because wealth was much more important than virtue and honor to this spoiled and corrupted brood, one sometimes saw young men who adorned themselves with flamboyant clothing, to the shame of their parents and the maidens, and [079] to the mockery of their kin.
11c. Death of the Magus
[086/10]
THV HEST VSE ÉRE.MODER NÉI THA BODEM FONA SÉ SVNDEN TO MELDANDE THATSTE KVMA SKOLDE THIT SKOSTE THRVCH [15] THA DROKHÉD WEL VRJETTA. NW WIL IK NJVDA THATSTE THIN WORD JECHT.
“You sent our honored mother to the bottom of the sea to announce your coming. This you may have forgotten in your frenzy, so I will see that you keep your word.”
 |
| "my honor implies loyalty" |
Related words: SKANTHA, SKÔNDA, SKÔM, SKÁM (shame, dishonor); GLOR.NÔMA, GLOR.RIKA NÔMA, GLOR.RIKA DÉDUM (glorious names/deeds).
 |
|
'look ere you leap': explorer and naval admiral Jacob van Heemskerck and navigator Willem Barents prepare their second expedition to the far North, by Christoffel Bisschop 1862 (source) |
 |
 |
depictions with causes and consequences of marriage, by Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki, 1788 (source, source)
ÉRSÉKE, plural. ÉRSÉKA
'cause', as in 'cause and effect': reason for something taking place or for something being so; rational explanation.
Some modern cognates:
oorzaak - Dutch
oorsaak - Afrikaans
oarsaak - Frisian
Ursache - German
årsagen - Danish
årsaken - Norse
orsaken - Swedish
orsökin - Icelandic
Compound word of:
ÉR (superlative: ÉROST)
ere (first) - English
eer (eerst) - Dutch
ehe (erst) - German
etc.
and:
SÉK(E), plur. SÉKA/-UM
sake (case, thing, matter) - English
zaak - Dutch
Sache - German
etc.
- - -
Some Oldfrisian dictionaries seem to have limited understanding of the word:
Koebler: êrseke 2, afries., F.: nhd. alte Feinschaft; ne. animosity
|
|
The same applies to the Dutch etymology site:
Derivation with 'oor-' with the noun 'zaak' (case) in the sense of ‘dispute, strife, lawsuit’. The original meaning is "ground for contention and accusation, cause for hostile action," in accordance with the oldest sense of 'case'.
