(BI)RÁWA ~ to (be)reave, ravish, ravage, rob

Related words

to ravish, ravage, (be)reave, rob (related: rape) - English
(be)roven - Dutch
(be)rauben - German
(be)röva - Swedish
(be)røve - Danish, Norse
(be)rôvje - Frisian
dérober - French

refur (fox) - Icelandic

reafian - Oldenglish
raufa - Oldnorse (penetrate, force entrance)
rava, ravia - Oldfrisian
roban - Oldsaxon
roubon/ raubon - Old High German/ Gothic
rober - Oldfrench

Occurances in OLB (for ease, verb 'rob' was used in this list)

RÁWA (to rob) - 11,14,21,25,30,37
RÁWANDE (to rob) - 2,5,27
RÁWANE/ RÁWÁNE ,, - 3,6
RÁWANA/ RAWANA ,, - 16,13
RÁWED (robbed) - 22,23,26,36
RÁWET ,, - 28
RÁWETH ,, - 34

BIRÁWA/ BIRAWA (to rob) - 8,12a,20,15
BIRÁWANE ,, - 35
BIRÁW (robs) - 1
BIRAWATH ,, - 4
BIRAWATH (robbed) - 10

RÁWERA (robbers) - 9,18
RÁWARUM ,, - 17
RÁWAR ,, - 19,29

ÉRE RÁWER (honour-robber) - 7
RÁWER É.LANDA (robber-islands) - 12b

RÁW.SKÉPA (robbery-ships) - 24

GLOR.NÔMA RÁW (glory-name-robbery) - 31
GLOR.RIKA NÔMA BIRÁWA (to rob glory-rich names) - 32
NÔMRÁWA (namerobbing) - 33

Fragments with my provisional translations

1 [012/26]
ALLERA MÀNNALIK THÉR EN OTHER FON SINE FRYDOM BIRÁW
anyone who robs another of his freedom

2 [013/13]
MEN KVMATH HJA TO RÁWANDE
but if they come to steal

3 [021/19]
THÁ HJA VRDRÉVEN SEND ÀND HÉINDA KÉMON TO RÁWANE
when they got dislodged and came near to steal

4 [026/23]
THAT HI VSA SWETSAR BIRAWATH
that he robs our neighbors

5 [033/17]
JVW HÀWA TO RÁWANDE JVWA TOGHATERA TO SKÀNDANE
to steal your possessions, defile your daughters

6 [035/10]
THA ÔRA MÀNNISKA HJARA WITSKIP TO RÁWÁNE
to rob other people of their knowledge

7 [043/22]
THRVCH THAT EN ÉRE RÁWER ÁK THÉR IS TO FRÉSANE
because a slanderer ('honor-robber') is to be feared there too

8 [057/04]
THES NACHTIS THA LANDA BIRÁWA
bereave the lands by night

9 [058/17]
THAT HJA RÁWERA WÉRON
that they were reavers

10 [068/14]
FON AL HIRA ÍSERA WÉPNE BIRAWATH
robbed of all their iron weapons

11 [069/06]
KÉMON THA THÍRJAR EN SKIP UTA ÀFTE.HODA RÁWA
the Thírians came to seize a ship of the rearguard

12 [070/02]
FONUTA LITHA É.LANDA GVNGER UT WRÉKA THA THÍRJAR SKÉPA AND LANDA BIRÁWA. THÉRVMBE SEND THA É.LANDA EVIN BLÍD RÁWER É.LANDA AS JON.HIS É.LANDA HÉTEN.
From the small islands he made expeditions for vengeance, plundering the Thírian ships and lands. Therefore these islands are both known as Reaver-Islands, as well as Jon's Islands.

13 [070/23]
HJARA BERN TO SKÁKANA ÀND HJARA SKÀT TO RAWANA
to abduct their children and to steal their cattle

14 [071/06]
SÁ NE SKOLDE NINMAN JVW BERN RÁWA
then no-one would steal your children

15 [073/20]
THAT THORP ÀND VSA SKIPA BIRAWA
bereave the village and our ships

16 [082/02]
THA MODER FON TEX.LAND ÀND THA FODDIK TO RÁWANA
to seize the Mother and the Flame from Texland

17 [095/02]
SKÁT NÉI THA FORESTA THÉRA RÁWARUM
shot at the foremost of the reavers

18 [095/07]
THA RÁWERA SKOLDON HJAM RING FENSEN HA
the reavers could easily have taken them

19 [095/15]
THA RÁWAR WRDON FÀLATH ÀND FENSEN
the reavers were defeated and caught

20 [147/09]
THA PHONISJAR SKÉPA BIRÁWA
bereave the Phonisian ships

21 [147/24]
FORTH GVNG EK TOFARA HIM SELVA RÁWA
then each went ravaging for himself

22 [148/08]
KESTLIKA WÉRA THÉR HJA RÁWED HÉDON
costly goods that they had robbed

23 [148/21]
THA SÉ.LANDAR HÉDON FÉLO FON HJARA STORESTE KNÁPUM RÁWED
the Sealanders had stolen many of their strongest lads

24 [149/07]
VMBE THA RÁW.SKÉPA THÉR UT TO HALDANE
to keep out the pirate-ships

25 [149/31]
THAT HJA SKOLDE MITH.FJUCHTA ÀND RÁWA
that they should join the fighting and reaving

26 [150/27]
KESTLIKA SÉKUM. THRVCH THA SÉ.KÀMPAR RÁWED
costly goods, stolen by the sea-warriors

27 [157/03]
TO MORDA ÀND TO RÁWANDE
murdering and ravaging

28 [157/05]
HJARA WIVA HÀVATH HJA FON THA TARTARUM RÁWET
they have stolen their wives from the Tartars

29 [157/09]
HJA SIND AL HRUTAR ÀND RÁWAR
they are all horsemen and reavers

30 [165/13]
THÉR AMMER JÁGJA AND RÁWA
who always hunt and reave

31 [191/18]
HJARA SELVA SKELDICH MÁKJA AN GLOR.NÔMA RÁW
make themselves guilty of reaving titles ("of glory-name-theft")

32 [191/28]
THA ÉRE.MODAR FON HJARA GLOR.RIKA NÔMA BIRÁWA
bereave the honoured Mothers of their titles ("glory-rich names")

33 [192/07]
THÀT JY THRVCH THÀT NÔMRÁWA BÉTRE WERTHE
that you become better from that namereaving

34 [197/10]
HÁVON AL VSA SKÉNA SÛDARLANDA RÁWETH
have seized all our Southlands

35 [201/26]
VMB ALLE FONÍSJAR SKÉPA ÀND STÉDA TO BIRÁWANE
to bereave all Fonísian ships and cities

36 [204/02]
HJARA WÍVA HÀWON HJA MÉST ALGADUR FON THA TARTARA RÁWED
they have stolen almost all of their wives from the Tartars

37 [207/05]
GVNGON HJA ALSÉMINE RÁWA
they all went reaving together

~ ~ ~

I think "raven" might be related. As far as I know, etymologists don't mention this possibility. They say it is related to Latin corvus and Greek kóraks and the root would be a sound-imitation.

hrafn - Oldnorse
hraban - Old High German
raven - English, Frisian
raaf - Dutch, Afrikaans
Rabe - German
ravn - Norse, Danish

MORNE ~ morning, tomorrow

Varieties in modern languages:

morning - English
Morgen - German
morgen, ochtend - Dutch, Danish, Norse
morgon - Swedish
morgun - Icelandic
moarn - Frisian
môre, more, oggend - Afrikaans

tomorrow - English
morgen - German, Dutch
i morgen - Danish, Norse
i morgon - Swedish
á morgun - Icelandic
moarn - Frisian
môre, more - Afrikaans

Varieties in the OLB:

MORNE - tomorrow - 6
BY MORNE - by morning, in the morning - 3
THES MORNES - in the morning - 2
MÔRNE.RÁD, MORNERÁD - morning-red, red of dawn - 1,4,5
(OGTIN.S - in the morning - 7)



1 [009/18]
FRYA WAS WIT LIK SNÉI BY.T MÔRNE.RÁD
Frya was white, like snow in the red of dawn ('morning-red')

2 [012/23]
THES MORNES THES MIDDÉIS ÀND THES ÉWENDES
in the morning, in the afternoon ('mid-day') and in the evening

3 [047/24]
BY MORNE PALDON WI OVER ET UTER.ENDE THES ASTER.SÉ
eastward ('in the morning') our boundary went to ('we poled') over the extremity ('outer-end') of the East-Sea

4 [064/08]
MÔRNE.RÁD NE KV NAVT SKÉNER
morning-red could not be more beautiful

5 [084/07]
THÉRNÉI SKIL THET MORNERÁD WITHER ANFANGA TO GLORA
then the red of dawn will start glowing again

6 [153/10]
JUD IS FRISO JOW RÉDJÉVAR. MEN MORNE WIL HI JOW KÀNING WERTHA
Friso is your counsellor, but tomorrow he will be your king

~ ~ ~

7 [206/02]
OGTIN.S KVN MÀN FON THÉRE BURCH ALLÉNA ÉNE GLANDERE HÁPE SJAN
in the morning one could only see a glowing heap of (what was left of) the burg

ÉWEND or ÉVIND ~ eve, evening

"Vismarkt bij avond" (fish-market in the evening)
by Egbert Lievensz. van der Poel, ca.1650 (crop)

Modern languages:
eve, evening - English
avond - Dutch
Abend - German
aand - Afrikaans
aften - Danish
afton (or: kväll) - Swedish
(kveld - Norse)
(kvöld - Icelandic)
(jûn, joun - Frisian)

Old varieties:
āƀand - Old Saxon
āband - Old High German
āvend, ēvend - Old Frisian
ǣfen - Old English
aptann - Old Norse
afton, aftan, aptan - Old Swedish

From English etymology site:

evening (n.) from Old English æfnung "the coming of evening, sunset, time around sunset," verbal noun from æfnian "become evening, grow toward evening," from æfen "evening" (see eve).
eve (n.) c. 1200, eve "evening," especially the time between sunset and darkness, from Old English æfen (...) Old Saxon aband, Old Frisian ewnd, Dutch avond, Old High German aband, German Abend, Old Norse aptann, Danish aften (...)

Dutch etymology states that the origin is unclear:

"Volgens een recente theorie wijzen de ongewone wisselingen en de beperkte verspreiding van het woord op niet-Indo-Europese herkomst." (According to a recent theory, the uncommon changes/varieties and the limited spread of the word suggest a non-Indo-European origin.)

OLB has three fragments with the word, in two varieties:

1 [012/23] Frya's Tex
THES MORNES THES MIDDÉIS ÀND THES ÉWENDES

2 [047/25] bad times; on all burgs
BY ÉVIND AN THENE MIDDEL.SÉ

3 [198/07] black Adel
HWAND .S.ÉWENDIS FON THÉRE SELVARE DÉI

What is the more pure form, ÉWEND or ÉVIND? É means water elsewhere and WENDA/ WENDE also occur. I have no answer for now. This post is for future reference.

ÉVIN and Minno's inconsistency

ÉWA SÉIT AK. É.LIK WÉTER.LIK. RJUCHT ÀND SLJUCHT
AS WÉTER THAT THRVCH NÉN STORNE.WIND JEFTA AWET OWERS VRSTOREN IS

On page 32, the old sea-king, visionary and philosopher Minno writes:

[032/01]
THÀT WORD ÉWA IS TO FRÁN VMBE AN MÉNA SÉKA TO NOMANDE. 
THERVMBE HET MÀN VS ÉVIN SEZA LÉRTH.
The word "ÉWA" is too sacred for common use,
therefore we have learned to say "ÉVIN" (even).

But at the very end of his writings, he does exactly that: use ÉWA commonly, where it might just as well have been ÉVIN. As far as I could see, this is the only instance in the whole OLB where ÉWA is used in this way. Did Minno (or one of the copyists) make a joke or a mistake here?

[040/07]
HWAND THÀT HJA FVL SEND MITH FALSKA RENKA. 
ÉWA TO FRÉSANE AS HJARA SWETE WINA MITH DÉJANDE FENIN.
because they are full of false tricks, 
evenly (he uses the word ÉWA) to be feared as their sweet wine with deadly poison.

English etymology-site about even (adj.):

Old English efen "level," also "equal, like; calm, harmonious; equally; quite, fully; namely," [...] Old Saxon eban, Old Frisian even "level, plain, smooth," Dutch even, Old High German eban, German eben, Old Norse jafn, Danish jævn, Gothic ibns [...]
Etymologists are uncertain whether the original sense was "level" or "alike." Used extensively in Old English compounds, with a sense of "fellow, co-" (as in efeneald "of the same age;" Middle English even-sucker "foster-brother"). [...]

Other uses in OLB of ÉVIN/ÉVEN/EVIN/EVEN, often in combination with AS/ALS/ALSA/LIK and BLÍD (with improvised, close-to-original translations):

(just) like, (just) as, evenly, as ... as/so, equally, etc.

[001/23]
ÉVIN AS IK EN WRENTLIKE FOLK.S MODER WÉSEN WÉRE
just like if I had been a true Folk-Mother

[014/005]
J SKILUN THAN ÉVIN FRY BILYVA FON VNFRYA WELD 
AS JVWA SWITE RINSTRAMA FON THÀT SALTE WÉTER THÉR ÀNDELÁSE SÉ
then you would remain evenly free of forced dominance 
as your sweet rivers from the salt water of the endless sea

[033/25]
THA KRÉKALANDER HJA TOMET EVEN HÀRDE MINADE AS VS AJN FOLK
the Creeklanders loved her almost as much as our own folk

[035/06]
THÉR EVEN LIK HI IN KÀRKA ÀND HOLA HÉMA
who, just like he, live in churches and holes

[035/12]
HJARA BLOD UT TO SÛGANE. ÉVEN AS VAMPÍRA DVA
suck their blood, like bellyworms do

[046/07]
DAHWILE WY VSA ALDER ALDESTA SKRIFTUN ÉVIN RÉD LÉSA MÜGA
AS THÉRA THÉR JESTER SKRÉVEN SIND
while we can read our very-oldest scripts as easily 
as those that were written yesterday

[065/10]
GVNGON HJA EVIN DRIST VPPER BURCH LÁS
just as rashly they attacked the burg

[067/09]
KÀLTA THÉR NÉI.T SEZE. ÉVEN.BLÍD VPPET WÉTER AS VPPET LAND HLÁPA MACHTE
Kelta, who allegedly could walk just as easily on water as on land

[070/04]
THÉRVMBE SEND THA É.LANDA EVIN BLÍD RÁWER É.LANDA AS JON.HIS É.LANDA HÉTEN
therefore, the islands are just as easily called Robber-Islands, as Jon's-Islands

[088/08]
ÉVIN MILD FÁR AL HJARA BERN
equally generous to all her children

[102/23]
ÉVIN THA ALDA FON DÉGUM
evenly the old-of-days (the same applies to the elderly)

[111/18]
ÉVIN AS TO LYDA.HIS.BURCH
just like at Lyda's-Burgh

[112/21]
DÁNA IST KVMEN THÀT HJA SÉR WICHANDLIK EWRDEN SEND. 
MEN TOMET ÉVIN DVM SEND ASET KWIK THÀT HJA FÀNSA 
ÀND ÉVIN ERM AS THA TWISK.LÁNDAR HWÉR MITH HJA ORLOGE
The end result is, that they have become very brave, 
but almost as dumb as the animals they catch 
and as poor as the Twisklanders they fight.

[115/14]
ÉVIN SA THET WILDE HORS SINA MÀNNA SKED. 
NÉI THÀT HETH SINA RIDDER GERS.FALLICH MÁKAD HETH. 
ÉVIN SÁ SKEDDE JRTHA HJRA WALDA ÀND BERGA
Just like the wild horse shakes its mane, 
after throwing its rider in the grass, 
so Earth shook her woods and mountains.

[123/05]
VS LÁN SKOLD.VS ÉVIN BLÍD TO DÉLATH WRDE
our wage would be paid to us just as willingly (either way, we would be rewarded)

[139/29]
THAT.ER ÉVIN VNFORSTOREN WRDE SÁ THÀT KALDE STÉN
that he becomes as imperturbable as cold stone

[150/32]
ÉVIN AS.ER HETTO NÉI KATTA.BURCH SKIKTE
just like he sent Hetto to Kattaburgh

[157/21]
ÉVIN AS A.POL.LÁNJA BISKOJADON HJA ÀFTERNÉI LYDA.S BURCH ÀND ET ALDER.GÁ
just like Apollania, they afterwards visited Lydasburgh and the Alderga

[159/25]
ÉVIN BLÍD AS.T SÉD THÉRA GODA KRÛDUM FON VNDERNE GRVND UT VNTKÉMTH (...) 
ÉVEN BLÍD BRENGTH TÍD THA SKADLIKA KRUDA AN.T LJUCHT
Just as the seed of good herbs springs up from the ground (...)
so time brings to light the harmful seed

[160/26]
THÉRTHRVCH MÉI THAT ÉNE FOLK THÀT ÔRE FOLK ÉVIN MIN FORSTÁN
AS THJU KV THENE HVND ÀND THI WOLF THÀT SKÉP
as a result, the one folk can just as little understand the other folk,
as the cow the dog and the wolf the sheep

[161/15]
SÁ DVATH STV ÉVIN ALSA
then you must do just the same

[161/30]
THAT FRYA.S JEFTHA GOD.IS TÁLE HIR ÉVIN VNFORLETH BIHALDEN IS
that Frya's or God's language was preserved equally undamaged here

[165/03]
ÉVIN ALS WY.T FRÁNA LJUCHT FON FÀSTA VPHOLDA.
ÉVIN SÁ HOLDON SE ÔLLERWECHS FJUR IN HJARA HÛSA VP
just like we uphold the sacred light of Festa,
so they hold up fire in all their houses

[191/01]
ÉVIN AS THAM MITHA MÀNNUM INOVIR THA HÛSHALDNE WELDE 
GVNG.ER MITH THA KÀNINGGAR INOVIR HJARA STÁT AND FOLKAR DVAN
just like it ruled over the households through the men, 
it went on ruling over their state and peoples through the kings

[195/19]
THÁ WILD.ER ÉVIN GOD SIN AMBT BIHALDA
then he wished to retain his office as well

[209/01]
LÉTAR HÀVON HJA FON.ET SLÁVONA FOLK WIVA RÁVATH ÉVIN SA THA HLITHÁWAR
later they have stolen wives from the Slave-folk, just like the Hlitháwar

Baltic Magus-Land on Idrisi map of 1154 CE

Tabula Rogeriana (lit. "The Book of Roger" in Latin), is a description of the world and world map created by the Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi, in 1154. (wiki)

On the Latinised version of this map by Konrad Miller (1928), "ard al magus" lies in what seems to be the Baltic region, translated by Miller as Zaubererland; magicians-land or Heidenland; heathen-land (source, pp. 148-149). Credit for connecting Ard-al-Magus to OLB-Magí goes to mr. Puranen from Finland (see below).

fragment of Miller's copy of Idrisi map (north and south reversed) ~ see blue markings

In the Oera Linda-book, Mágí and Mágjara are associated with Finna. From translation Sandbach:

One hundred and one years after the submersion of Aldland a people came out of the East. That people was driven by another. Behind us, in Twiskland (Germany), they fell into disputes, divided into two parties, and each went its own way. Of the one no account has come to us, but the other came in the back of our Schoonland, which was thinly inhabited, particularly the upper part. Therefore they were able to take possession of it without contest, and as they did no other harm, we would not make war about it. Now that we have learned to know them, we will describe their customs, and after that how matters went between us. They were not wild people, like most of Finda's race; but, like the Egyptians, they have priests and also statues in their churches. The priests are the only rulers; they call themselves Magyars, and their headman Magy. He is high priest and king in one. The rest of the people are of no account, and in subjection to them. This people have not even a name; but we call them Finns, because although all the festivals are melancholy and bloody, they are so formal that we are inferior to them in that respect. But still they are not to be envied, because they are slaves to their priests, and still more to their creeds. They believe that evil spirits abound everywhere, and enter into men and beasts, but of Wr-alda's spirit they know nothing.

According to Goffe Jensma, this is nonsense, and he theorizes that a supposed 19th century creator with this actually parodied orthodox protestants ('fijnen') and their superstition (magical thinking).

On page 111-112 of De Gemaskerde God (2004):

"Deze absurde verbinding van Magi, Magyaren en Finnen ..." (This absurd connection of Magi, Magyars and Finns ...)

"... de historische kolder over Magíaren en Fínnen ..." (the historical nonsense about Magíars and Finns)

The main purpose of this blog post is to show another source for Magus-Finland relation, which will not have been known in 19th century Netherlands. This removes one of the main pillars of Jensma's doctrine. Mr. Puranen wrote to me many more interesting facts and thoughts related to the Idrisi map, which I hope he will publish about in the future. I will just add some further information below, not going into much detail for now.

~~~

The Arabic text by Al-Idrisi that accompanied the maps was translated into Finnish by Sahban Mroueh in 2012 (Hermeetikko Nro.1). Here is a translation into English and graphic, both by mr. Puranen:

In the fourth part of this seventh continent lies most lands of Russia, Finnmark, Tavastia, Estonia and Magus: and these lands consist mostly of wilderness, steppes, inhabited villages and persisting snow, with little populated areas, whereas land of Finnmark is land where lies plenty of villages, buildings, sheep and no other thriving built-up areas other than cities of Abrarah and Velmaar. These are two large cities but one can see nomadism and wildness rules their inhabitants. They have less food than the inhabitants need and they have continuous rain.

It's 200 miles to west from city of Saqto from city of Velmaar. King of Finnmark has lands and buildings in the island of Nerbagah mentioned previously. And from the city of Velmaar to area of Qutulu-river's other fork is 80 miles, and from Qutulu-river to city of Regoldah 100 miles, Regoldah being a great thriving city at the river delta flowing to the sea. It's a city belonging to the land of Tabasti and this land has plenty of villages and buildings but less populated areas. This land is colder than Finnmark, with frost and rain present all times. From city of Anho it's 200 miles to city of Regoldah.

Anho is beautiful inhabited city and part of Estland. City of Vloor belongs also to Estland cities and it's a small city like a big fortress, it's inhabitants are farmers with little products yet plenty of sheep. Vloor is 6 leagues to south-east from city of Anho. From city of Anho to river Burno is 50 miles going by sea shore and fortress of Velmos is 100 miles away from the shore. During winter it's an empty fortress and it's inhabitants flee to caves lying far from the sea. They receive shelter from there and make camp fire for whole period of winter and coldness, and won't relinquish it until summer comes and black colour fades from shores and rain stops, upon when they return to their fortress. From this fortress to city of Medsuunah is 300 miles, Medsuunah being a large thriving inhabited city, it's population large and inhabitants are fire worshipping Magi.

From there to the city of Suono belonging to the land of the Magi is 70 miles going by shore. Amongst the populated areas further away from the Magi's sea shore is city of Vapi. Distance between it and the sea is 6 leagues and it's a 4 day journey from city of Vap to city of Vloor. City of Jintiaar on 7 days to the west from the city of Vloor. It's a large thriving city atop an unclimbable mountain. It's inhabitants entrench themselves against Russian bandits and this city doesn't lie under authority of any king. And to the lands of Russia belongs the city of Martur. It's a city lying at the mouth of river Dinset and city of Sarmal is four days journey south from city of Martur.

List of toponyms in the area of Ard-al-Magus, as compiled by mr. Puranen (edited by me, JO) ard - area; bilad - land; gezira - island; nahr - river:

bilad fimark = etymologically Finnmark, but context of its cities means it must mean here southern Finland
ard tabast/ Tabasta = Tavastia, central Finland region
bilad al nibaria = Bjarmia
Velmaar = Vehmaa, Finland
ard/ bilad al rusia/ Rusla = Russia
nahr bernu/ Burno = river Pärnu, Estonia
nahr katalu/ Qutulu = allegedly river Göta älv, Sweden, alternatively river Kokemäenjoki, Finland
anhu = Hanila, Estonia
ragtun/ Regoldah = Ragvalda, Finland or nearby Rauma
abura/ Abrarah = Åbo, Finland
sasuna/ Saqto = Sigtuna, Sweden
falmus/ Velmos = perhaps Valamo/ Valaam island, Karelia
madsuna/ Medsuunah = perhaps Mezen i.e. Medynske in 1595, alternatively Medvegalis or Medininkai
suada/ Suono = Sudovia, alternatively Suomi/suomalaiset/Chuds or Finland/Finns
sarnu/ Sarmal = perhaps Samara, Russia
marturi/ Martur = perhaps Marijampo or Merkine
gezira amaznius/ Amazon islands = Terra Feminarum or Finland, also allegedly in Turku archipelago

Infographics by mr. Puranen:

this infographic supports the al-Idrisi's connection between Magis and women islands, about which more later

The versatile BRUD-word

'Boerenbruiloft' (farmers' wedding) in North-Holland, by J.P. van Horstok, ca. 1808

Het zinryk Bruiwoort, en het geen men deriveert 
Van bruien, dient wel om zyn zinrykheit geleert: 
't Is springen, lopen, doen, verquisten, domineren, 
't Is klimmen, snyen, en verquanzelen, bezeeren, 
Quaatmaken, futzelen, verderven, plagen, gaan, 
En smyten, schoppen; … 't is ook foppen, steken, slaan; 
't Is komen, seggen; en 't is kappen, vliegen, vallen, 
Etcetera, ja dat noch 't mooisten is van allen, 
Vrouw-eeren; is 't niet recht? wie heeft van sulk een woort, 
Zo zinryk, ergens in de werelt meer gehoort? 

("Vol-Geestige Werken" S. van Rusting, 1712)

Some OLB-'skeptics' theorise that the manuscript was created by an individual or a small group of individuals who wanted to make fun of the religious and/or cultural-historical establishment in the Netherlands or more specifically in its province Friesland. They would have to agree that the creator(s) must have had an extensive knowledge of the Dutch language and its older varieties.

One of the words that would have been perfectly suitable to make fun and jokes is the verb bruden/ bruien. The alleged creator(s) would have known this most versatile word and he would not have missed the opportunity to use it. However, as we see in the below fragments, in OLB it is only used in two ways: go/ leave/ journey and spoil/ corrupt/ pervert.

Dictionaries about bruden/ bruien:

Richthofen (Old-Frisian, 1840): Brida

Weiland (Dutch, 1859): Bruijen

WNT (Dictionary of Dutch language, composed later) gtb.inl.nl/bruien (many different meanings here)

possibly related nouns:
BRVD (mud, mess, waste) - 1 (see forum 4 March 2015: link)
BRUD (also spelled BRÉID; bride) - 3,6 (see blogpost: link)

verbs:

(varieties of BRUDA: go/ leave/ journey; total: 11 ~ Note: also see BRIT/ BRITH)
(with HINNE; away:)
HINNE BRÛDA - 2,4
BRÛDON/BRUDON (STOLKES) HINNE - 8,11
BRÛDE HINNE - 12,15
BRUDA HINNA - 17
(with WÉI; away:)
BRÛDON WÉI - 9
WÉI BRÛDA - 16
(other:)
BRÛDE - 7
BRÛDON - 18

(varieties of VRBRUDA: spoil/ corrupt/ pervert; total: 10)
VRBRUDA (inf.) - 5
VRBRUD, VRBRÛD (perf.) - 10,19,22
VRBRÛDE (adj. derived from verb) - 13
VRBRUDA/VRBRÛDA ( ,, ) - 21,23,24
VRBRÛDE (inf.) - 14
VRBRÛDING (noun derived from verb) - 20

######

1 [004/05]
ANDA BRVD SITTE

2 [018/12]
SA MÜGON HJA HINNE BRÛDA

3 [028/27]
SA MÉI SIN BRUD ...

4 [030/15]
HY MÉI HINNE BRÛDA SA.R KVMEN IS

5 [038/15] (see other blog post)
THRVCH WANKÉTHINGA WISTON HJA ALLE TO WISA ÀND TO VRBRUDA.
Ottema: "verbreiden" was misprint; corrected as "verbruyen"

6 [041/12]
... EN BRUD TO SÉKA

7 [041/22]
TILTHJU HI UT OF LANDE BRÛDE

8 [055/04]
(HJA) BRÛDON STOLKES HINNE

9 [056/15]
THA GODA BRÛDON WÉI

10 [061/11]
WAS THÉR HWA FON VS FOLK THÉR.ET ALSA ÀRG VRBRUD HÉDE
O: verbruid

11 [067/03]
BRUDON HI STOLKES HINNE

12 [074/07]
THRÉ MONATHA ÀFTER BRÛDE GÉRT HINNE

13 [078/27]
THÀT VRBRÛDE ÀND VRBASTERDE SLACHT
O: verwende

14 [080/04]
THAT HJARA SÉDE VRBRÛDE KOSTE
O: verloren gaan

15 [086/28]
BRÛDE HJA HINNE

16 [110/15]
TILTHJU THJU FLÁTE WITHER WÉI BRÛDA

17 [120/23]
WI ... BRUDA HINNA

18 [156/17]
FON WAL.HALLA.GÁRA BRÛDON HJA ALINGEN THÉRA SÛDER HRÉNUM

19 [161/16]
THJU TÁLE ... IS ... VRBRÛD
O: verdorven

20 [161/24]
VRBRÛDING VSRA RÉNE TÁLE
O: verontreiniging

21 [197/12]
VSA VRBRUDA BROTHARUM
O: verbasterde

22 [205/14]
THA JUTTAR WÉRON SUNT LÔNG VRBRUD
O: verdorven

23 [209/07]
MITH HULPE FON THA VRBRÛDA FÁMNA
O: ontaarde

24 [210/30]
HJARA VRBRUDA LÉRE
O: verfoeijelijke

translation variety example

Some OLB-'skeptics' argue that the language of the OLB is simply Old-Frisianised 19th century Dutch. Strong arguments can be made against that. For example, there are many sentences that are still not clear. The example below shows how much variety there is between the existing translations. 

(Prior phrase in Sandbach's translation: "They cunningly made themselves masters of our laws and customs, and ..." ~ The object of the following phrase is, thus: our laws and customs ~ VSA ÉWA ÀND SETMA)

[038/15]
THRVCH WANKÉTHINGA WISTON HJA ALLE TO WISA ÀND TO VRBRUDA

1-Ottema (Dutch, 1872/1876):
door listen en drogredenen wisten zij alles te bewijzen en te verbreiden verbruyen*.
(*correction in the back of the 1872 edition, sadly missed by Sandbach and not corrected in reprint of 1876)

2-Sandbach (English, 1876):
by craft and subtlety were able to explain and spread them around.
3-Wirth (German, 1933):
durch falsche Auslegungen wußten sie alles zu weisen und umzudeuten.
4-Overwijn (Dutch, 1951):
door bedriegelijke redeneringen wisten zij alles te duiden en te bederven.
5-Jensma (Dutch, 2006):
door wanspraak wisten ze alles te verdraaien en te verbruien.
6-De Heer (Dutch, 2008):
door wanspreken wisten zij alles te duiden en te verbruiden.
7-Raubenheimer (English, 2011):
by fallacies they wished to explain everything and expand thereon.
8-Menkens (German, 2013):
durch Trugreden/ Wahnsprache wußten sie alles umzudeuten und zu entstellen.
9-Lien (Norse, 2013):
gjennom falsk tale visste de å anvise og forderve alt.

WANKÉTHINGA (noun plur.)
D: listen en drogredenen (ruses and fallacies) - 1
D: bedriegelijke redeneringen (fallacies) - 4
D: wanspraak ('vainspeech') - 5*
D: wanspreken ('vainspeaking') - 6*
E: craft and subtlety - 2
E: fallacies - 7
G: falsche Auslegungen (false explanations) - 3
G: Trugreden/ Wahnsprache (fallacies/ 'vainspeech') - 8*
N: falsk tale (speak falsely) - 9

* Translations 5, 6 and 8b are the most literal, but the words are obsolete, unclear and seemingly inappropriate.

WISA (verb)
D: bewijzen (prove, establish) - 1
D: duiden (interpret) - 4,6
D: verdraaien (distort) - 5
E: explain - 2,7
G: weisen (point out?) - 3
G: umzudeuten (reinterpret) - 8
N: anvise (point out) - 9

VRBRUDA (verb)
D: verbruyen/verbruien/ verbruiden ( ,, ) - 1,5,6D: bederven (corrupt, pervert) - 4
E: spread around - 2*
E: expand thereon - 7*
G: umzudeuten (reinterpret) - 3
G: entstellen (distort) - 8
N: forderve (corrupt, pervert) - 9

* The misprint in Ottema' translation as 'verbreiden' (spread/ propagate) was corrected in the back of the 1872 edition but sadly not in the reprint of 1876. Sandbach copied the mistake and so did Raubenheimer.

Main question i.m.o. is how to interpret WISA.

My own provisional translation:

they managed to explain and distort them all through misinterpretations.

outsmarting all earlier translations

The following may seem just a detail, but it once more shows how all previous translations can still be further improved.

[029/26]
SAHWERSA THÉR SWETHNATA ET SÉMNE KYVA ÀND SANA
If any of our neighbours quarrel and fight...

VR ENZE SÉKA THA VR LÁND

(transliteration Ottema/ Sandbach: vr enga sêka, tha vr lând)

Note that the red and blue marked translations differ significantly from each other:

translation	original language	English
Ottema 1872	over eenige zaak (anders) dan over land	over any matter (other) than land
Sandbach 1876	-	about any matter except land
Wirth 1933	über andere Sachen als Land	over other matters than land
Overwijn 1951	over een of andere zaak zoals over land	over any matter such as land
Jensma 2006	over andere zaken dan over land	over other matters than land
De Heer 2008	over enige zaken zoals over land	over some matters such as land
Raubenheimer 2011	-	over any matter other than land
Lien 2013	over noen (andre) saker enn over land	over some (other) matters than land
Menkens 2013	über einzelne Dinge/Sachen wie über Land(besitz)	over individual matters such as land(-ownership)

I think THA does not mean 'other than'/ 'except' or 'such as' here, but  'or' (Dutch: of/ dan wel), as it does in the following fragments, also written by Minno:

[030/10] ET WÍRING.GA THA TO AL.MAN.LAND
at Wyringga or at Almanland
[030/30] THÀT.ET FOLK VS LÉT DVATH THA BISTÉLLETH
that the folk does us harm or steals from us

 Thus, the translation would be:

over any cause* or over land 

(* or: case; plural in original; Dutch/ German: zaak/ Sache)

WRD ~ oord/ Ort, ward, waroþ, ford?

WRD (plur.: -A/-UM) related to Dutch/ German oord/ Ort (place), or English ward or ford, or Old-English waroþ (shore)?

Varieties in OLB (fragment nrs.):

WRDA - 3,5,8,11 (and 1,2,4,6,9,12,13 see below)
WRDUM - 7,14

LJV.WRD - 10
LINDA.WRDA - 1,2,4,6,9
MANNA.GARDA.WRDA - 12
STÁVEREN.S.WRDA - 13 (see fragment 7)

Appearantly, even in the time that the OLB texts were first written, there was already confusion about this word, as becomes clear in fragments 10 and 12.

LJUD.WÉRD - 10
MANNA.GARDA.FORDA - 12

Werden (Essen, Germany) in the 17th century.

Possibly related words in various languages:

oord - Dutch (place, spot) / plur. 'oorden' can be interpreted as 'regions'
Ort - German
oarde - Frisian
ord - Old-Saxon, Old-Frisian, Old-English

waard - Dutch (land enclosed by water)
Wert, Werder - German
wertha - Old-Dutch
werde, wert, waerd(e) - Middle-Dutch
warid, werid - Old-High-German (island)
waroþ - Old-English (coast, shore)

ward - English, Old-Saxon (a guarding, protection; used for administrative districts)
weard - Old-English
Wart - Old-High-German
vörðr - Old-Norse

ford - English (shallow part of river/stream that can be crossed by wading)
voorde - Dutch
vort, vorda - Middle Dutch
Furt - German
furde - Frisian

OLB fragments:
(As in the previous post, I don't include translations as this is an inventory for future reference only.)

1 [005/11]
GRÉVETMAN (...) OVIR.A LINDA.WRDA

2 [029/15]
BÀRN ANDA LINDA.WRDA

3 [066/22]
THÁ KÉMON THA LANDWÉRAR UT ALLE WRDA WÉI

4 [087/20]
GRÉVETMÁN OVIRA LINDA WRDA

5 [093/27]
TO HULLANDE VSA WRDA IN THIKKE THJUSTERNISE

6 [116/09]
THA WALDA THÉRA LINDA WRDA

7 [118/25]
THA WRDUM FON STÁVERE ÀND THAT ALDERGA

8 [140/21]
SÁ SKILUN THÉR IN ALLE WRDA MÀNNISKA VPSTONDA

9 [143/10]
MIN TÁT HETH SKRÉVEN HO THA LINDA.WRDA ÀND THA LJUD.GÁRDNE VRDILGEN SEND.
LINDA.HÉM IS JETA WÉI. THA LINDA.WRDA FAR EN DÉL.

10 [143/20]
THÉR.VMBE IS THÀT ROND.DÉL NW LJUD.WÉRD HÉTEN.
THÁ STJÛRAR SEGATH LJV.WRD MEN THAT IS WAN.SPRÉKE

11 [145/06]
THA LJUD FON ALLE WRDA

12 [151/02]
(...) NÉI MANNA.GARDA.WRDA.
MANNA.GARDA.WRDA IS FARIN THIT BOK. MANNA.GARDA.FORDA SKRÉVEN.
MEN THAT IS MIS DÉN

13 [157/23]
DÁNÁ TÁGON HJA INOVIR STÁVEREN.S.WRDA

14 [196/13]
THAT ALD ÀND JONG ÛT ALLE WRDUM WÉI KÉMON

###

Notes:

- [113/25] TO LJUD.WARDJA BIN IK TO ASGA KÉREN.
LJUD.WARDJA IS EN NY THORP. BINNA THENE HRING.DIK FON THÉR BURCH LJUD.GARDA

- WRDA in OLB also is the verb to be or become (Dutch/German: worden/werden). Examples:

[035/22] BETER WRDA WILLA - want to become better
[071/24] KÀMPAD WRDA MOTA - must be fought
[103/09] GOD TO WRDA - to become good

Varieties: WRD, WRDE(N), WRDATH, WRDON, WRDANE etc.

- Second meaning "waard" more likely (?) as there are many more old toponyms with this and "ord" originaly meant point(?).

http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID86062&lemmodern=waard
http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID5039&lemmodern=waard
http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID45781&lemmodern=oord
http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID4421&lemmodern=oord

- Possibly related toponyms:
Werden (Essen, Germany)
Leeuwarden/ Ljouwert, Bolsward, Ferwert, Holwerd, Jorwert, etc. (Friesland, NL)
Vorden (Gelderland, NL)

- How other words starting with WR- survived or changed:
WRALDA - OERoude, URalte / WEReld, WORld
WRDEN - WORden, WERden
WRSKRÍVA - OVERschrijven
WRSARA - WERser

the word WORD/ WIRD/ WORT

This post is a quick one for future reference. I will not add translations, only list the varieties of the OLB word for 'word' and show the varieties in modern languages.

Varieties in modern languages:

word - English
woord - Dutch, Afrikaans
Wort - German
wurd - Frisian
ord - Danish, Swedish, Norse
orð - Icelandic
(verbum - Latin)
(var̃das - Lithuanian)
(vā̀rds - Latvian)

Varieties in OLB:

singular:
WIRD - 2 (fragment nr.)
WORD - 5,9,11
WORT - 10
 ANDWARDA (answer, Dutch/German: antwoord/Antwort) - 13
 GRÉDWIRD (complaints) - 14
 FÔR.WORD (foreword) - 6
 SPRÉKWORD (proverb, lit. 'speakword') - 16

plural:
WIRDA - 1,3,4
WORDA - 8,12,15,17,19,20
WORDE - 7
WORDON - 18

{Note: used twice in OLB: (WITHER) WORDA - to become, Dutch/German: worden/werden; the root of this verb is usually spelled WRD, WERTH, WÀRTH, WARTH}

{Note on page 91 different spelling; lines 21 - 27}

OLB fragments:

1 [00b/06] (page/line)
HJA SPRÉKATH SWÉTA WIRDA

2 [001/16]
TO THA LESTA FRÉGE ÁDELA THÀT WIRD

3 [008/16]
HÜNING SWET WÉRON HJRA WIRDA

4 [008/24]
VMBE SKOTSE WIRDA WÀRTH HJU ÍRE

5 [032/01]
THÀT WORD ÉWA IS TO FRÁN

6 [050/26]
ALSA IS THÀT FÔR.WORD

7 [062/17]
THI RÉD THÉR HJU JEF WAS IMMER IN THJÛSTERE WORDE

8 [065/03]
THÁ HJU THI LERSTE WORDA UT HÉDE

9 [086/15]
NW WIL IK NJVDA THATSTE THIN WORD JECHT

10 [091/21]
NW FRÉGE MIN BURCH.FÁM THET WORT

11 [091/27]
THA HJU THET WORD GUND WAS

12 [097/25]
VPPJRA GRÀF.STÉN HETH MÀN THISSA WORDA HWRYTEN

13 [103/27]
TÁL ÀND ANDWARDE

14 [114/04]
IN MIN JÜGED HÉRD.IK GRÉDWIRD AL.OMME

15 [132/11]
HWÉRSA HJA SPRÉKA SÁ NOMATH HJA THA WORDA FÁR VPPA THÉR LERST KVMA MOSTA

16 [134/13]
HWAMES GOD.HÉD ÀND KLÁRSJANHÉD TO EN SPRÉKWORD IS WRDEN

17 [142/22]
FON THRJU WORDA SKILUN VSA ÀFTERKVMANDE
AN HJARA LJUDA ÀND SLÁVONA THA BITHJUTNESSE LÉRA.
HJA SEND. MÉNA LJAVDA. FRYHÉD ÀND RJUCHT.

18 [148/29]
ÀND THÉRVR FÉLO WORDON WIXLAD WÉRON

19 [158/29]
BIDROGLIKA WORDA SPRÉKA

20 [162/09]
SÁ SKILUN THA WORDA FRÍ.SA ÀND RJUCHT.HÁ TO HJARA INKVMA

first version of the Dutch 'reading-plank' (1894) by schoolteacher M.B. Hoogeveen

The R in LERST ~ late - later - (at) last

source: dialect-vertaler at mijnwoordenboek.nl

The R in the word for last: LERST(-A/-E), which appears 9 times in the OLB, can be a strong argument in favour of its authenticity. Old-Frisian dictionaries of the 19th century (and probably newer ones as well) only list "lest" without an R. (See examples Richthofen and Köbler below.)

As far as I know, "lerst" - with R - appears only once in Richthofen's voluminous (600+ pages) "Friesische Rechtsquellen" (1840), on p.235, Emsiger §26:

Tha lerste, huasa lath werth wr marar anda wr merca...

How likely is it that the supposed hoaxers would have been inspired by this single exception, when they ignored so many more easily usable words and expressions from the known dictionaries? For example, Richthofen's dictionary has several examples of expressions with "lest", which were not used in OLB (only 'to tha lesta'?).

Richthofen (1840):

let (...) 3) im superl. letzte:
'thi blata is lethast alra nata' R. 122,1;
'sterue thet leste' (der kinder) R. 116,5;
'alsa ist al to there lesta' (weihe) R. 125,17;
'then lesten thredden del' E. 210,33;
'hi selua (schwöre) thine forma and thine lesta' (von 12 eiden) H. 54,15;
'dioe feste hetene' W. 394, 22;
'dina lesta ferdban' W. 436,27;
'thi lesta willa (der letzte wille) thera foreferena' 149,17;
'thene lesta dei' B. 155,3. 175,7;
'oppa thene lesta ende' (lebensende) B. 176,9. E. 188,21;
'op syn lesta tiid' W. 105,15;
'oen da lesta einde' W. 425,18. 433,17;
'aller lest' (zu aller letzt) W. 399,12;
'uppa leste' (zuletzt) H. 354,23;
'to tha lesta' H. 352,27.
Aus dem positiv let (piger, segnis, tardus), ahd. laz, alts. lat, ags. laet, isl. latr, neufr. let Epk. 265, entspringt der comparat. leter (tardior, posterior), ahd. lezzer, alts. lator, ags. lator, laetr, und superl. letast (tardissimus, ultimus), ahd. lezzest, ags. latost. Für letast erscheint fries. gewöhnlich die gekürzte form lest, saterl. und neufr lest Het. 242 und Epk. 265, wie im alts. last, lazt, lezt. Hierüber und dass im hd. allmählig der compar. lezzer in dem sinne von pigrior erstarrte, und seitdem eine neue form letzterer für ulterior gebildet wurde, s. Grimm 3, 612. 613. 621. Compos. tolesta. 

Köbler (2014):
lest (1), le-st, afries., Adj. (Superl.): nhd. letzte; ne. last (Adj.); Vw.: s. end-e-; Hw.: vgl. anfrk. letist, ahd. lezzisto*; E.: s. le-t; W.: nfries. lest, Adj. (Superl.), letzte; W.: saterl. lest, Adj. (Superl.), letzte


Below all OLB-fragments are listed with
1) LÉT (late),
2) LÉTER, LÉTTER(E), LÉTAR (later),
3) LEST(-E/-A/-EN), LERST(-E/-A) (last).
This is merely an initial inventory. Much more analysis can be done on it, for example if there is significant variety between the various authors/ texts.

Note: LEST is also used some times for trick/ruse (Dutch/German: List).

###

1) LÉT (2x)
late - English
laat - Dutch
let - Frisian

[082/13] Denmarks lost
ET WÉRE TO LÉT
it was too late

[095/16] Brunno
THACH TO LÉT
too late though

###

2) LÉTER, LÉTTER(E), LÉTAR
later - English, Dutch
letter - Frisian

LÉTER - 6x
LÉTTER - 2x
LÉTTERE - 1x
LÉTAR - 1x

[061/01] Tunis and Inka
LIK VSA STJÛRAR LÉTER DÉN HÀVE
 like our steersmen have done later

[069/01] Jon
SÁ WI LÉTER HÉRDON
 as we heard later

[114/24] Frethorik
ACHT JÉR LÉTTER
eight years later

[115/04] id.
THRJU JÉR LÉTTER
 three years later

[117/29] id.
TJAN JÉR LÉTTERE
 ten years later

[130/19] Ljudgert
THRJA DÉGA LÉTER
three days later

[141/21] Dela
THUSAND JÉR LÉTER
 thousand years later

[201/25] Askar
HWÁNATH HI LÉTER ÛTGVNG
 whence he later went out

[205/12] id.
EN JÉR LÉTER
one year later

[209/01] id.
LÉTAR HÀVON HJA
later they have

NB! (also used for 'later' are: ÀFTER and FORTHER)

###

3) LEST(-E/-A/-EN), LERST(-E/-A)

last - English
laatst(e) - Dutch
letzt(e) - German
lêst(e) - Frisian

LEST - 1x (ET LEST)*
LESTE - 1x (ET LESTE)
LESTA - 27x (TO THA LESTA - 17x, TO LESTA - 5x, TO THÀT LESTA - 1x, TO LÔNGE LESTA - 3x, ALONT THA LESTA - 1x)*
LESTEN -1x (TO LESTEN)
total: 30x

*4x LEST for trick/ ruse; 2x LESTA for idem plural)

LERST - 1x
LERSTA - 8x (TO THA LERSTA - 5x, TO LERSTA - 1x, TO LONGA LERSTA - 1x, THA LERSTA - 1x)
LERSTE - 5x (always used as normal adjective)
total: 14x

(NB: also used: ENDLIK for finally)

###

[001/16] Adela's speech
TO THA LESTA FRÉGE ÁDELA THÀT WIRD
finally Adela asked 'the word' (to speak)

[010/28] ode to Frya
TO THA LESTA SPRÀK TÒNGAR UT.A WÒLKA
in the end thunder spoke from the clouds

[011/14] Frya's Tex
TO THA LESTA SKILUN HJA MY HWITHER.SJA
in the end they shall see me again

[021/07] general laws
ÀND TO THA LESTA HJARA SELVA
and in the end themselves

[024/13] laws of mother and kings
ALONT THA LESTA
until the last

[033/19] Minno
TO THA LESTA KLÀPPATH HJA SLÁVONA.BANDA
in the end they clamp slave-shackles

[037/22] id.
TO LESTA LIK THA BARGA
in the end like the pigs

[039/06] id.
KÉMON WI TO THA LESTA
at last we came

[039/11] id.
ALSA.K ET LEST (...) WANDELDE
so in the end I traded

[058/19] Tunis and Inka: burg Stavre, Waraburg
TO THA LESTA KÉMON HJA
at last they came

[059/12] id.
GVNG TO LERSTA ELLA GOD
at last all went well

[062/30] burg Walhallagara
TO THA LESTA KÉMON ALLE STJÛRAR
at last all steersmen came

[064/12] id.
INNA LERSTE TÍD
'in the last time' (lately)

[065/03] id.
THI LERSTE WORDA
the last words

[068/15] id.
TO THÀT LESTA. LIK EN BUHL
in the end like a bull

[068/29] burg Texland
TO THA LESTA KÉMON HJA
at last they came

[069/11] id.
TO LESTEN KÉMON HJA
at last they came

[073/02] Gértmanna
TO THA LESTA FÍLON HJA
in the end they fell

[074/20] id.
ET LESTE LÁNDON HJA
they finally landed

[075/31] Fryasburg
AS ER TO LESTA SA
as he finally saw

[076/07] id.
HETHER TO LESTA (...) KRÉJEN
in the end he (has) received

[077/16] id.
THAT ER TO LÔNGE LESTA
that he at long last

[077/24] id.
TO LESTA ALLÉNA INTHA LANDIS TAL
in the end only in the language of the land

[080/06] Denmarks lost; on all burgs
TO LÔNGA LESTA BROCHTON HJA
at long last they brought

[083/18] id.
TO LÔNGA LESTA ÉPENDE HJU
at long last she opened

[084/19] id.
TO THA LESTA SKIL THAT FENINIGE KWIK
in the end the poisonous animals shall

[086/07] id.
AS ER TO LESTA EN SKIP
when at last a ship

In letzter Minute (1939)

[087/28] Adelbrost
HIRA LERSTE WILLE
her last will (testament)

[093/19] Brunno
NÉI THÉRE LERSTE ACHT
after the last assembly

[105/07] Trást
TO THA LESTA HÀVON HJA
at last they have

[110/17] Apollanja
TO THA LERSTA KÉMON WI
lastly we came

[118/17] Frethorik
TIL ER TO THA LESTA
until in the end

[123/31] id.
THO THA LESTA KÉM.ER
at last he came

[132/12] id.
THÉR LERST KVMA MOSTA
that must come last

[134/18] Wiljo
THA LERSTE WILLE
the last will (testament)

[138/15] Dela
TO THA LERSTA MOST.ER FLUCHTA
in the end he had to flee

[139/08] id.
TO LONGA LERSTA SÉIDON HJA
at long last they said

[147/27] about Friso
TO THA LESTA BIJONDON THA SÉ.LANDAR
in the end the Sealander began

[148/30] about Friso
FRÉJE FRISO TO THA LESTA
finally Friso asked

[196/12] about Askar
TO THA LERSTA WARTH.ET
in the end it became

[199/15] id.
FON THA LERSTA KÉMON TO THA LERSTA EN ÉLE HÁPE
of the last a whole heap came in the end

[204/29] id.
TO THA LESTA WÀRTH HJU
in the end she became

[207/10] id.
THAT HJA TO THA LERSTA
that they in the end

BUDA, BÛDA / WINDBÛDAR

Fragment of title page Arctica I (1665) J. Blaeu

BUDA, BÛDA (plur.: -R) ~ pouch, bag, purse

Varieties in modern and old languages:

I. Moillon (1614-1673) ~ Aeolus
gives the winds to Odysseus (fragment)

buidel - Dutch, Afrikaans
Beutel - German
budda (purse) - Icelandic
bûdel (skinfold) - Frisian

budel - Middle Dutch, Old Frisian
budil - Old Saxon
butil - Old High German
buil - archaic Dutch

Varieties in OLB:

BUDA - 1,3 (fragment nrs.)
BUDAR - 6
BÛDA - 4
BÛDAR - 2,5,7

OLB fragments (with improvised translations):

1 [044/08]
THRÉ MANNISKA THÉR EK EN BUDA KÉREN STÉLON
three men who each stole a bag of corn

2 [049/14]
WIND RESTON IN SINA BÛDAR
WERTHRVCH RÉK ÀND STOM LIK SÉLA BOPPA HUS ÀND POLON STAND.
(see below!)
wind rested in its bags
causing smoke and steam to stand like pillars over house and pools

Winds 'resting' in bags in Russian-Finnish film Sampo (1959)
based on Finnish folklore and mythology (Kalevala)

3 [126/26]
ANDA MODER SAND HI EN BUDA GOLD
to the mother he sent a bag of gold

4 [138/11]
SIN FRYASKA FRJUND HÉTE HIM BÛDA.
VMBE THAT HI IN SIN HÁVAD EN SKÀT FON WISDOM HÉDE
ÀND IN SIN HIRT EN SKÀT FON LJAVDE.
his Fryan friend called him Bûda (purse),
because he had a hoard of wisdom in his head
and in his heart a hoard of love

5 [150/31]
MITH RIKA KLÁDARUM KLÁTH ÀND JELD IN HJARA BÛDAR.
dressed in rich clothes and money in their purses

6 [151/16]
THÉR ALLE JELD INNA BUDAR HÉDE
who all had money in their purses

7 [166/07]
THET AL.ET JELD ENDLIK IN HJARA BÛDAR KVMTH
that all the money eventually comes in their purses

###

Th. van Thulden after F. Primaticcio (c.1632)
Aeolus gives Odyssey windbags (fragment)

Fragment four (Buddha) is obviously significant, but this post was inspired by fragment two (wind rested in its bags). The idea of windbags is known from Homer's Odyssey where the hero is given a bag with winds from Aeolus (beginning of book 10; the word used is ἀσκος - hide, skin, leather bag). Translation (1919):

"He gave me a wallet, made of the hide of an ox nine years old, which he flayed, and therein he bound the paths of the blustering winds;"

As far as I know, this was not noted until now. Ottema (1872) translated BÛDAR as holes (holen; copied by Overwijn and De Heer), so did Wirth (1933: Höhle; copied by Menkens) and Jensma (2006) assumed it was a pun on Dutch "windbuil" and translated as "builen". This word stems from "buidel", but "windbuidel" is only known to refer to a person who acts or speaks as if he is blown up (boaster). The German language has the same word "Windbeutel", but the meaning is somewhat different. It can mean a cream puff or an irresponsible, superficial person.

in Nederduitsch Taalkundig Woordenboek (1811) P. Weiland

I suppose these Dutch and German meanings are derived from something that originally was more literally connected to wind and this may very well have its reflection in the Greek story of Aeolus and in the OLB fragment.

###

(Added Nov. 2 as pointed out by FromFinland:)
The concept of windbags also appears in the Nordic saga of Thorstein Viking's Son. Translated from 14th century Icelandic (source/ original text):

"Now I will tell you, continued Ogautan, that I have a belg (skin-bag) called the weather-belg. If I shake it, storm and wind will blow out of it, together with such biting frost and cold that within three nights the lake shall be covered with so strong an ice that you may cross it on horseback if you wish. Said Jokul: Really you are a man of great cunning; and this is the only way of reaching the holm, for there are no ships before you get to the sea, and nobody can carry them so far. Hereupon Ogautan took his belg and shook it, and out of it there came so fearful a snowstorm and such biting frost that nobody could be out of doors. This was a thing of great wonder to all; and after three nights every water and fjord was frozen."

JFKJA ~ possible name meaning

~ ~ ~ for my son Ibe Alwin ~ ~ ~

[155/11]
THAHWILA A.DEL TO TEX.LÁND INNA LÉRE WÉRE.
WAS THÉR TEFTA EN ÉLLE LJAWE FÁM INVPPER BURCH.
HJU KÉM FONUT THA SAXANA.MARKUM WÉI.
FONUT.ÉRE STÁTHA THÉR IS KÉTHEN SVÔBA.LÁND
THÉRTHRVCH WÀRTH HJU TO TEX.LÁND SVÔBENE HÉTEN.
ÀFSKÉN HJRA NÔME JFKJA WÉRE.
(Sandbach, p.209)
While Adel was studying at Texland
there was a lovely maiden at the citadel.
She came from Saxenmarken,
from the state of Suobaland,
therefore she was called at Texland Suobene,
although her name was Ifkja.

OLB-words that end with -KJA are mostly verbs: WÁKJA, MÁKJA, BAKJA, LAKKJA, THÀNKJA, PLOKJA.

However, BUKJA [073/21] is a diminutive.

One verb ends with -TJA (WACHTJA) and so do several women's names: SYTJA, JALTJA, TÜNTJA, TUTJA, RÉINTJA

from: The herball
by John Gerard 1597

Many Westfrisian women's names are simply the diminutive from the male variant:

Jantje, Dirkje, Cornelisje, etc.

Ibe, IJf, Ivo, Ives, Uwe, etc. are man's names that are derived from a significant tree, the yew, which was famous for its strong and flexible wood - perfect for making bows - its long life (2000 year old trees are known) and both poison and medicine that can be made of it. (The red berries are edible, but NOT their seeds!)

Many scholars believe that the Yggdrasill from pre-Christian tradition must have been a yew. There must have been many more yews in Europe, but during wars many were cut for making weapons and since their growth is very slow, there are relatively few left. At the other hand, some of the oldest wooden artefacts were made from the yew tree.

One of the world's oldest surviving wooden artefacts is a Clactonian yew spear head, found in 1911 at Clacton-on-Sea, in Essex, UK. It is estimated to be about 450,000 years old.
[...]
In traditional Germanic paganism, Yggdrasill was often seen as a giant ash tree. Many scholars now agree that in the past an error has been made in the interpretation of the ancient writings, and that the tree is most likely a European yew (Taxus baccata). This mistake would find its origin in an alternative word for the yew tree in the Old Norse, namely needle ash (barraskr). In addition, ancient sources, including the Eddas, speak about a vetgrønster vida which means "evergreen tree". An ash sheds its leaves in the winter, while yew trees retain their needles. (source)

A female version of this name could then have been JFKJA or IFKJA. In Dutch, the name Yfke, Iefke or Iefkje is known.

(taxus baccata - binomial name)
yew - English
Eibe - German (old names: Iben-, Ifen-, Iwenbaum, Ybe, etc.)
ijf - Dutch (old spellings: iwa, ieve, hiewe, uwe)
yf - Afrikaans
if - French
ivin - Breton
ewin - Cornish
ive - Latvian
ýviður, ýr - Icelandic
yr, ir - Danish, Old-Norse
idegran - swedish
(barlind - norse)

Proof that ±2200 BCE flood was known

Update 15 Nov. 2020: This flood year (exactly 100 years off) was also used during the Batavian Revolution in a Dutch publication (1792) "De Lantaarn" by Pieter van Woensel.

4085-1792-1 (year zero) = 2292

— — — — — — — — — —

Proof that ±2200 BCE flood was known in Friesland long before OLB was first published

This has been discussed earlier in the forum. However, as there have been prominent Oera Linda researchers (i.c. German Harm Menkens* and Alewyn Raubenheimer**) who state that the authenticity of the texts can be established simply by the fact that there was indeed a cataclysm ca. 2200 BCE, here is once more a Frisian Almanac page (1836) that has the same year for the (Biblical) deluge.

* Die Oera-Linda-Handschriften ~ Die Frühgeschichte Europas (2013, Lühe-Verlag) and Der Kampf um die Echtheid der Oera-Linda-Handschriften von 1850 bis heute (Vortrag 13. September 2015; published by Lühe-Verlag)
** Chronicles from Pre-Celtic Europe (Survivors of the Great Tsunami), 3rd edition 2014

page 12 from "Friesche Volks-almanak" 1836 (source)

Two relevant lines translated:

The year of our Christian era . . . 1836
Since the deluge . . . 4029

4029 -/- 1836 = 2193

Flood year in OLB (page 00a, letter Hidde): 3449 -/- 1256 = 2193

As my readers know, I rather advocate OLB's authenticity than any hoax theory. However, the flood year on itself is not good evidence (for either theory), since it was known even before Cornelis Over de Linden got the manuscript in his possession (1848 according to himself).

Proof that Ottema forged alphabet page

...  in his editions of the OLB (1872 and 1876)

Earlier I posted an English translation of a letter from Cornelis Over de Linden to Dr. J.G. Ottema, dated June 11, 1871: here and here.

Because this letter is important in a discussion in Germany, I post the Dutch original here, as copied by Mr. N. Luitse (1990, scans below). The parts that are most relevant are colored. [added 2021, July 3: see translation and context here]

Helder, den 11 Juny 1872.

WelEdele en zeer geleerde Heer!

Een verzoek om revisie, zegt W. de L. in den Spectator van 21 October 1871 Nr. 42, dit zelfde verzoek ik ook aan u, en aan alle gelieden [lieden] welke het zoogenaamde runschrift als van jongere datum verwerpen.

In uwe vertaling staat: Och lieve, laat de oogen van een munnik toch nooit over deze schrift weiden, zij spreken zoete woorden, maar enz.

Uit deze vrees voor de munniken durf ik op maken, dat deze zich reeds van vele onzer oude geschriften hadden meester gemaakt. Ook durf ik gelooven dat de over de Lindens niet de eenige zijn geweest, welke het boek der Adela Follistar bezeten hebben. Wanneer ik de geschiedenis van het handschrift volg, dan durf ik annemen dat de Romeinen, de Phoeniciers, de Grieken en al de volken aan de Middellandsche zee het letterschrift van ons geleerd hebben. Niet overgenomen van de meetkundige lijnen van het joel, maar van de minder net uitgevoerde schriften der Friezen.

Ten tijde‚ dat ik mijzelf afmartelde om toch het handschrift te lezen, was er iemand die mij zeide, dat [het] misschien Phoenisische letters waren. Toen heb ik naar een phoenische spraakkunst gezogt, en heb naar lang zoeken een boek gevonden hetwelk de titel droeg: Paläographische Studien über phönizische und punische Schrift - Herausgegeben von D. Wilhelm Gesenius. Mit 6 lithographischen tafelen. Leipzig 1835.

De letters welken daarin voorkomen zijn zeer verschillend, doch velen daarvan gelijken op het stand en op het run schrift, zoo als dit in het handschrift staat. Onder de afdruksels van de penningen met letters zijn vele ofwel de meeste vrouwenkoppen, hetwelk mij aan de eere moeders der Friezen doet denken. De schrijver zegt dat ieder volks planting van de Phoenicier een eigen letterschrift hadden. Ik kon hem echter niet volgen, daar hij de letters met de Hebreeuwsche vergelijkt, die ik niet ken.

Is mijn vermoeden juist, dan zijn wij de lettergevers van al de volken aan de Middellandsche zee geweest. Daar de Noordelijke volken tevoren evenals nu de echte zeerobben zijn geweest, de Franschen met al hunne hooge theorien niet uitgezonderd, hebben die ook het meeste behoefte aan letters en cijfers gehad.

Dat de Munniken, welke een eigen letterschrift hebben uitgevonden, het onze verdonkeremaand hebben om het onleesbaar te maken, ligt in hunnen aard. Maar wie weet hoeveel Exemplaren, van het boek der Adelas folstar er nog hier en elders bij vorsten of te Rome berusten. Nadat er nu meer dan duizend jaar verloopen waren kunnen zij het loopend schrift, hetwelk veel van kapitale schriftletters heeft, wel voor kapitaie schriftletters hebben ingevoerd.

Wanneer Gij zoo zwak zijt om het loopend schrift, uit vreeze voor eenige schreeuwers, te verwerpen, dan is het zoo goed alsof gij met een schede wilde dualeren terwijl gij hun de degen in handen gaaft.

Immers in het handschrift staat "Toen Fæsta eeremoeder was, heeft zij er het run of loopende schrift van gemaakt. De Witkoning, dat is zeekoning Godfried enz." Welnu, als het runschrift er over een groote 100 jaar ingebragt is, dan is het bovenstaande er ook ingebragt, en dan kan al het andere er ingebragt zijn. Ik blijf dus tegen de verminking protesteren.

Zondagmiddag ben ik met de hens naar bed gegaan, hed[en] morgen stond ik op en heb nu belroos. Mijn linker oor is bijna zoo dik als een vinger.

Na minzame groete ook aan UEd Nicht. U Dw. d. C. over de Linden.

forged page by Ottema (1872 and 1876), which lacks the 'Runskrift'

page 46 in original manuscript

page 47 in original manuscript